Organizational Culture And Values On Strategic Leadership...

Organization’s Ethical and Value-Based Approach to Leadership Impact of the Organization’s Culture and Values on Strategic Leadership Organizational leadership and culture has been a major issue in today’s highly structured organizations. This has necessitated that organizations understand in depth the inter-relation between culture and organization on strategic leadership. Is it that the leadership determines culture or the culture determines leadership behaviors? While many argue that the leaders have absolute control and influence the direction of organizational culture, research actually shows that leaders themselves are greatly influenced by variables and situational setting in any organization, implying that it is valid to say that leadership itself receives significant influence from organizational culture (Waldner Weeks, 2006). Due to this, the effort to identify and understand how trends and traits making up organizational culture have been a priority amongst most organizations seeking to improve the effectiveness of strategic leadership. According to Schein (2004), the reason why such issues as culture and leadership is important stems from one of the critical factors, that is the fact that certain trends and traits are shared among a group hence forming a shared culture. Schein also explains other critical elements of culture such as structural stability. The definition of culture within an organization creates some sense of stability as it defines the identityShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture And Values On Strategic Leadership Essay4412 Words   |  18 PagesSTRATEGIC LEADERSHIP Name Institution Course Date Organization’s Ethical and Value-Based Approach to Leadership Impact of the Organization’s Culture and Values on Strategic Leadership Organizational leadership and culture has been a major issue in today’s highly structured organizations. This has necessitated that organizations understand in depth the inter-relation between culture and organization on strategic leadership. Is it that the leadership determines culture or the culture determinesRead MoreSignificance Of Strategic Value Within Organizations Success922 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization, the need of practical and strategic value holds a tremendous weight in organizations. In certain scenarios, improvement within organizations can be undesirable. While examining both, practical and strategic value holds specific requirements ultimately helping product quality results. The significance in both creates necessary guidelines on aligning proper etiquette within organizations. In 2007, the author tom McKaskill defined the significance of strategic value within organizations successRead MoreMission, Vision Values - Alameda County Community Food Bank965 Words   |  4 Pagesmission, vision, and values contribute to an organization’s ability to reach its desired end state by clearly stating the fundamental principals that will guide the firm’s actions and defines a clear set of values that encourages staff to work towards accomplishing the desired end state. The Alameda County Community Food Bank was chosen for completing a strategic plan. This paper will discuss the strategic plan for the Alameda Community Food Bank, components of the strategic management process thatRead MoreThe Leadership Model : Inclusive Leadership And Organizational Culture Among A Diverse Global Group Of Employees1065 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Leadership Models Research has shown inclusive leadership is based on leadership that is ethical and all-encompassing driven by the leaders desire to honestly connect to subordinates. Ethical leaders such as Authentic, Servant, and Strategic understand the importance of all subordinates regardless of race, creed, color or national origin play an equally important role in the strategic organizational plan. Such traits allow leaders to effectively engage with subordinates of a wide varietyRead MoreQCP 100 Quiz 2 Ch 4 Questions 21626 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿QCP 100 8th Edition CHAPTER 4 STRATEGIC FOCUS FOR PERFORMANCE EXCELLENCE TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. 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While the traditional positive leadership elements such as aligning personnel with vision; providing a sense of direction; communicating effectively and often; empowering; training; and mentoring should be present in the scope of organizational management, â€Å"Leadership for quality is based on the philosophyRead MoreSaudi Aramco Leadership Assessment1445 Words   |  6 PagesSaudi Aramco Leadership Assessment Introduction Organizations whose cultures are tightly integrated to cultural, societal and political norms and values often face a significantly greater series of challenges in implementing change management and retaining agility in the midst of market turbulence. Saudi Aramcos culture is a polyglot of cultural, societal and political norms, unified under the Saudi Arabian series of cultural constraints and values. While Saudi Aramco is a global force in oilRead MoreOrganizational Change Essays1078 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational change can be intimidating for business leaders. The internet hosts several sites for small consulting firms that specialize in helping corporate leaders initiative positive change in their organizational culture. One such firm, Change Management Solutions, Inc., (CMS) uses a five-step change model, which encompasses contemporary collective and collaborative theories and models of change and change leadership. The firm considers culture, organizational leadership , and change planningRead MoreInclusive Leadership : Forming A Global Team1114 Words   |  5 PagesInclusive Leadership: Forming a Global Team Cornelius Cash Grand Canyon University LDR804-Leading across Cultures September 21, 2016 t: Ethical Leadership Models Research has shown inclusive leadership is based on leadership that is ethical and all-encompassing driven by the leaders desire to honestly connect to subordinates. Ethical leaders understand all subordinates regardless of race, creed, color or national origin play an equally important role in the strategic organizational plan (CottrillRead MoreLeadership and Management977 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership and management are two notions that are often used interchangeably. However, these words actually describe two different concepts. The following report will discuss the differences and examine the roles and responsibilities of leaders in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture. What is leadership, and what is the difference between leadership and management? • Leadership is setting a new direction or vision for a group that they follow, i.e. a leader is the spearhead

To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume Free Essays

Generally, a resume is a list of credentials that serves as an introduction to those who will hopefully employ a person for a particular job or position. To write a proper and well-constructed resume is often a rather daunting task, due to the need to thoroughly assess one’s personality, accomplishments and acquired skills. The act of composing and submitting a resume also requires a careful consideration of the company that might be one’s future employer. We will write a custom essay sample on To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume or any similar topic only for you Order Now A person must know exactly what the company is looking for and if his/her qualifications meet the company’s overall needs. But writing the resume is but one crucial step in the process, yet it is the most important element which will eventually lead to a new job or position. A poorly written resume often results in a negative response from employers, yet a well-written and conceived resume can influence the employer or interviewer to ask about one’s strengths and the skills that a person can bring to a prospective employer. Even a person with little or no experience can find a good job is he/she is helped by a thoughtful and well-polished resume. In today’s modern world, employers do not have the time nor the patience to read lengthy and disorganized resumes, for in reality, they look for tightly-composed, straightforward and action-based resumes. Although a one-page resume is the normal type, a two-pager may be needed if the person seeking employment has extensive work experience or has changed careers and requires the proper space to relate their accomplishments and work experience. According to â€Å"Writing Resume Tips,† the following traits must be part of every successful resume-careful proofreading with attention paid to spelling, punctuation, grammar and style; all information must be organized in a logical fashion; all descriptions must be clear and to the point; simple and easy to read fonts are mandatory, such as New Times Roman, Palatino, Helvetica and Arial; if possible, the resume must be confined to one single page; always include as much work experience as possible, even if it does not relate directly to the job one is seeking; all information must be tailored to the job one is seeking, and lastly, if one is not sure on how to proceed with the writing of a resume, always seek out professional assistance, either at school or the local library (Jobweb, Internet). Of course, knowing exactly what to include in a resume is an art in itself, for everything depends on a person’s â€Å"individual career goals as well as one the professional goals of the companies hiring in (one’s) area or field of interest. † Thus, through â€Å"research, planning, questioning and self-reflection,† a person will be able to create a well-written and positively-viewed resume (â€Å"Your Resume: General Concerns,† Internet). There are three types of resumes that are currently being used by students fresh from the university and by professional persons seeking new positions or changing their careers. The first is called the reverse chronological resume in which the most recent job or position is listed first. This is the type of resume usually preferred by employers who have to read a large number of resumes and it is by far the most popular and widely circulated. However, this type of resume may not be the most effective means of highlighting one’s skills and accomplishments. A second type of resume is known as the functional resume which is generally used by those re-entering the workforce after many years or trying to change career fields. This type places the focus on achievements instead of the sequence of one’s work history as in the chronological resume. In the functional resume, a person’s experience is presented via general accomplishments and the skills developed over one’s entire working life. Also, the functional resume is organized quite differently. For example, the work experience section is divided in two with job duties and accomplishments making up one section; the second section contains the basic elements of one’s work history and comes after the accomplishments section which is often called â€Å"employment history,† due to being a chronological overview of former jobs and positions. In today’s technological age, there is now another type of resume known as the electronic resume which is cut and pasted in an email and transmitted as part of the email message. Generally, this type of resume contains no formatting-â€Å"Whatever was bold becomes regular type; underlining, italics, centering and justification disappear, and the resume ends up being transmitted in the font designed for emailing† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 67). However, under exceptional circumstances, a person may opt to create a generic resume which contains no industry-specific information and is meant to appeal to a wide range of organizations and companies. For the most part, all of these type of resumes, with the exception of the electronic type, contain two important sections-first, the primary section, made up of an introduction, experience and education, and then the secondary section which may contain the objective, professional honors and awards, publications, computer skills, professional organizations, community activities, club memberships, volunteer positions, college work experience, military experience and some personal information such as supportive references (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 78). Obviously, the three most important elements of any well-organized resume are the introduction which gives the potential employer some basic background information on exactly which job or position is being sought, the experience section which details a person’s work history and the education section which highlights a person’s educational achievements at the high school, local community college and university levels. The experience section of a resume describes the work that a person has performed throughout his/her working life or career and thus appears first on the resume. However, if a person is changing careers, his/her work experience may be completely unrelated to the type of job or position being sought which makes the education section more important, thereby placing it before the experience section. Also, if a person has held a position in which certain degrees or related documents were required for employment, such as in law, medicine, engineering or management, the resume must begin with the education section. If a resume is begun with the work experience section, it should be in reverse chronological order, starting with the most current or recent employer. This section must also include accomplishments and duties via what type of work was done, what was achieved and how an employer benefited from one’s accomplishments on the job. Special consideration should be given to supervision, such as holding some type of management position in which one supervised or managed a number of people along with the specific title one held (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 95). Following the primary section, the resume then offers more information on various personal traits. With the objective, this statement refers to the type of position one is seeking, but often it is omitted, due to limiting the types of positions which may be offered to the prospective employee by the company or institution. When describing the job objective, it is a good idea to keep it extremely simple and direct and to make certain that it tells the employer what one wants to do within a company. Professional honors and awards can also be included in the objective, but only if they relate to the position being sought. For instance, a person applying as a manager in the automotive business might include awards from major automobile manufacturers or recognition for some type of innovative change. A person might also include any type of publishing credentials, especially those related to the position one is seeking. Since today’s world is so reliant on technology, it is a good idea to include a short description on one’s computer skills, particularly if the skills are related to programs essential to engineering or statistical management. Professional organizations can often play important roles, for they demonstrate â€Å"a sincere interest and commitment to one’s career and reflect real involvement in a person’s chosen field of specialty† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 124). The same holds true for community activities, club memberships and voluntary activities outside of the work environment, and by mentioning them, it may be beneficial if the position one is seeking requires strong social skills, such as in management and personnel recruitment. For those seeking to change careers and recent university graduates, including college work experience on a resume can make all the difference, for the potential employer will see that the person seeking the job or position was highly interested as a student in a particular vocation, especially if there is an indication that the work experience was as an intern, meaning that it was unpaid and voluntary. Of course, military experience can often be highly influential, for some employers may be veterans or currently hold reserve status in the National Guard or Coast Guard. One final piece of advice has to do with mentioning memberships in organizations that indicate a person’s religion, such as Masonic lodges or fraternities, and political preference, such as a member of a political party. In the field of management, the narrative paragraph adds the finishing touch to most resumes and is designed to provide â€Å"key information about one’s abilities, including any advanced or specialized education, publishing credentials and speaking engagements, all of which usually greatly impressive prospective employers† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 126). When composing the narrative, those seeking positions in management should try to include descriptive statements that pertain to one’s accomplishments, responsibilities and personal strengths. For example, a resume could mention that the prospective employee is an innovative and energetic leader, a skilled communicator and team builder; an accomplished expert at organizational repositioning and the development of strategic initiatives; an accomplished corporate strategist; has demonstrated leadership abilities to develop and implement solutions that improve sales and revenues; an expert at identifying and capturing business in high-growth market segments; accomplished at managing diverse groups, people and situations and an expert at human resources development, motivation and management. In conclusion, a resume is an extremely subjective document, and while its primary goal is to illustrate a potential employee’s strengths, accomplishments and capabilities, the exact way to present these traits depends on the interviewer/employer. However, a well-constructed and written resume will always be appreciated by potential employers, for it not only demonstrates a person’s organizational abilities but also illuminates one’s dedication and perseverance to the often agonizing pursuit of finding the right job or position. How to cite To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume, Papers To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume Free Essays Generally, a resume is a list of credentials that serves as an introduction to those who will hopefully employ a person for a particular job or position. To write a proper and well-constructed resume is often a rather daunting task, due to the need to thoroughly assess one’s personality, accomplishments and acquired skills. The act of composing and submitting a resume also requires a careful consideration of the company that might be one’s future employer. We will write a custom essay sample on To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume or any similar topic only for you Order Now A person must know exactly what the company is looking for and if his/her qualifications meet the company’s overall needs. But writing the resume is but one crucial step in the process, yet it is the most important element which will eventually lead to a new job or position. A poorly written resume often results in a negative response from employers, yet a well-written and conceived resume can influence the employer or interviewer to ask about one’s strengths and the skills that a person can bring to a prospective employer. Even a person with little or no experience can find a good job is he/she is helped by a thoughtful and well-polished resume. In today’s modern world, employers do not have the time nor the patience to read lengthy and disorganized resumes, for in reality, they look for tightly-composed, straightforward and action-based resumes. Although a one-page resume is the normal type, a two-pager may be needed if the person seeking employment has extensive work experience or has changed careers and requires the proper space to relate their accomplishments and work experience. According to â€Å"Writing Resume Tips,† the following traits must be part of every successful resume-careful proofreading with attention paid to spelling, punctuation, grammar and style; all information must be organized in a logical fashion; all descriptions must be clear and to the point; simple and easy to read fonts are mandatory, such as New Times Roman, Palatino, Helvetica and Arial; if possible, the resume must be confined to one single page; always include as much work experience as possible, even if it does not relate directly to the job one is seeking; all information must be tailored to the job one is seeking, and lastly, if one is not sure on how to proceed with the writing of a resume, always seek out professional assistance, either at school or the local library (Jobweb, Internet). Of course, knowing exactly what to include in a resume is an art in itself, for everything depends on a person’s â€Å"individual career goals as well as one the professional goals of the companies hiring in (one’s) area or field of interest. † Thus, through â€Å"research, planning, questioning and self-reflection,† a person will be able to create a well-written and positively-viewed resume (â€Å"Your Resume: General Concerns,† Internet). There are three types of resumes that are currently being used by students fresh from the university and by professional persons seeking new positions or changing their careers. The first is called the reverse chronological resume in which the most recent job or position is listed first. This is the type of resume usually preferred by employers who have to read a large number of resumes and it is by far the most popular and widely circulated. However, this type of resume may not be the most effective means of highlighting one’s skills and accomplishments. A second type of resume is known as the functional resume which is generally used by those re-entering the workforce after many years or trying to change career fields. This type places the focus on achievements instead of the sequence of one’s work history as in the chronological resume. In the functional resume, a person’s experience is presented via general accomplishments and the skills developed over one’s entire working life. Also, the functional resume is organized quite differently. For example, the work experience section is divided in two with job duties and accomplishments making up one section; the second section contains the basic elements of one’s work history and comes after the accomplishments section which is often called â€Å"employment history,† due to being a chronological overview of former jobs and positions. In today’s technological age, there is now another type of resume known as the electronic resume which is cut and pasted in an email and transmitted as part of the email message. Generally, this type of resume contains no formatting-â€Å"Whatever was bold becomes regular type; underlining, italics, centering and justification disappear, and the resume ends up being transmitted in the font designed for emailing† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 67). However, under exceptional circumstances, a person may opt to create a generic resume which contains no industry-specific information and is meant to appeal to a wide range of organizations and companies. For the most part, all of these type of resumes, with the exception of the electronic type, contain two important sections-first, the primary section, made up of an introduction, experience and education, and then the secondary section which may contain the objective, professional honors and awards, publications, computer skills, professional organizations, community activities, club memberships, volunteer positions, college work experience, military experience and some personal information such as supportive references (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 78). Obviously, the three most important elements of any well-organized resume are the introduction which gives the potential employer some basic background information on exactly which job or position is being sought, the experience section which details a person’s work history and the education section which highlights a person’s educational achievements at the high school, local community college and university levels. The experience section of a resume describes the work that a person has performed throughout his/her working life or career and thus appears first on the resume. However, if a person is changing careers, his/her work experience may be completely unrelated to the type of job or position being sought which makes the education section more important, thereby placing it before the experience section. Also, if a person has held a position in which certain degrees or related documents were required for employment, such as in law, medicine, engineering or management, the resume must begin with the education section. If a resume is begun with the work experience section, it should be in reverse chronological order, starting with the most current or recent employer. This section must also include accomplishments and duties via what type of work was done, what was achieved and how an employer benefited from one’s accomplishments on the job. Special consideration should be given to supervision, such as holding some type of management position in which one supervised or managed a number of people along with the specific title one held (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 95). Following the primary section, the resume then offers more information on various personal traits. With the objective, this statement refers to the type of position one is seeking, but often it is omitted, due to limiting the types of positions which may be offered to the prospective employee by the company or institution. When describing the job objective, it is a good idea to keep it extremely simple and direct and to make certain that it tells the employer what one wants to do within a company. Professional honors and awards can also be included in the objective, but only if they relate to the position being sought. For instance, a person applying as a manager in the automotive business might include awards from major automobile manufacturers or recognition for some type of innovative change. A person might also include any type of publishing credentials, especially those related to the position one is seeking. Since today’s world is so reliant on technology, it is a good idea to include a short description on one’s computer skills, particularly if the skills are related to programs essential to engineering or statistical management. Professional organizations can often play important roles, for they demonstrate â€Å"a sincere interest and commitment to one’s career and reflect real involvement in a person’s chosen field of specialty† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 124). The same holds true for community activities, club memberships and voluntary activities outside of the work environment, and by mentioning them, it may be beneficial if the position one is seeking requires strong social skills, such as in management and personnel recruitment. For those seeking to change careers and recent university graduates, including college work experience on a resume can make all the difference, for the potential employer will see that the person seeking the job or position was highly interested as a student in a particular vocation, especially if there is an indication that the work experience was as an intern, meaning that it was unpaid and voluntary. Of course, military experience can often be highly influential, for some employers may be veterans or currently hold reserve status in the National Guard or Coast Guard. One final piece of advice has to do with mentioning memberships in organizations that indicate a person’s religion, such as Masonic lodges or fraternities, and political preference, such as a member of a political party. In the field of management, the narrative paragraph adds the finishing touch to most resumes and is designed to provide â€Å"key information about one’s abilities, including any advanced or specialized education, publishing credentials and speaking engagements, all of which usually greatly impressive prospective employers† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 126). When composing the narrative, those seeking positions in management should try to include descriptive statements that pertain to one’s accomplishments, responsibilities and personal strengths. For example, a resume could mention that the prospective employee is an innovative and energetic leader, a skilled communicator and team builder; an accomplished expert at organizational repositioning and the development of strategic initiatives; an accomplished corporate strategist; has demonstrated leadership abilities to develop and implement solutions that improve sales and revenues; an expert at identifying and capturing business in high-growth market segments; accomplished at managing diverse groups, people and situations and an expert at human resources development, motivation and management. In conclusion, a resume is an extremely subjective document, and while its primary goal is to illustrate a potential employee’s strengths, accomplishments and capabilities, the exact way to present these traits depends on the interviewer/employer. However, a well-constructed and written resume will always be appreciated by potential employers, for it not only demonstrates a person’s organizational abilities but also illuminates one’s dedication and perseverance to the often agonizing pursuit of finding the right job or position. How to cite To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume, Essay examples

Oseltamivir Clinical Effectiveness of Neuraminidase Inhibitors

Question: Write an essay on Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) for influenz? Answer: Clinical Use Oseltamivir or more popularly known as Tamiflu is an antiviral medication that works by blocking the actions of influenza virus A and B in the body. Oseltamivir is used for the treatment of influenza in people who are one year old or more. This medicine is not used for the treatment of common cold. The drug is administered orally and it readily gets absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after which it is converted from hepatic esterases to oseltamivir carboxylate [1]. Mode of action: The oseltamivir acts as an inhibitor of the neuraminidase enzyme which is expressed on the surface of the virus. This enzyme helps the virus by promoting its release from the infected cells to the respiratory tract. When oseltamivir inhibits this enzyme then virions are unable to move and remain attached to the membrane of the infected cells and also get entrapped in the respiratory secretions [2]. Alternative to Oseltamivir Zanamivir is used as an alternative to Oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza. Zanamivir is an inhaled drug and blocks the action of neuraminidase that helps the virus to spread from the infected cells to the healthy cells in the body. Hence this reduces the symptoms and duration of the influenza infection [3]. Both Zanamivir and oseltamivir have equal efficacy in the terms of reducing the symptoms of influenza. Both the medicines are prescribed to be given twice a day for five days. However oseltamivir is generally prescribed for the people at least of age 1 or older whereas Zanamivir is prescribed for people aging 7 years or more [4]. Oseltamivir has been found to be effective only against influenza A (H3N2) infection and is less effective against influenza B infection. It is also not much effective against H1NI viral infection whereas Zanamivir has been found to be effective against both influenza A and influenza B infection. Both the drugs are however have been found to be less effective against influenza A (H1N1) infection [5]. Both the drugs are neuraminidase inhibitors but the effectiveness of each drug is based upon the susceptibility of the influenza virus to the drug. Form researches it has been found that the influenza virus A and B are more susceptible to Oseltamivir than to Zanamivir. Moreover Zanamivir cannot be prescribed to a person who is allergic to milk protein or lactose. It should be avoided by pregnant woman or mothers giving breast feed to their child. It should also not be administered to person having heart or any kind of breathing problems such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary dis ease. People suffering from mental illness should not be given Zanamivir[6]. Side effects of oseltamivir: Although Oseltamivir is widely used for the treatment of influenza but it has several side effects. Nausea and vomiting are the most common side effects. Apart from this frequent mood swings is more prevailed among children that consist of confusion in understanding simple things, agitation and self-injuries. Allergic reaction is also one of the side effects which consist of itching, rashes and breathing problems. The rare symptoms that have been reported so far consist of abdominal cramps, extreme back or arm pain, bloating, discomfort in the chest, diarrhea often accompanied by blood discharge, drooling, swelling on the face, increase in the heart beat, hoarseness, frequent thirst, shortness of breath and sudden weight loss[7]. Side effects associated with Zanamivir consist of mild to severe allergies such as shortness of breath, facial swellings, swelling of throat and lips. More common side effects caused by Zanamivir consist of headache, dizziness, vomiting, fever, body pain and symptoms of cold such as sneezing, stuffy nose and sore throat. In some rare cases Zanamivir causesarticular rheumatism, hallucinations, loss of appetite and acute renal failure[8]. Oseltamivir is contraindicated in the patients having hypersensitivity to any of the components of the drug or to other food allergies such as allergy to lactose or milk proteins. The most adverse effect of this drug among adults is vomiting, headache, insomnia and nausea. Oseltamivir is strictly not prescribed for children below the age of 1 year old and the standardized dose of the drug is 3mg/Kg administered for five days. However vomiting, diarrhea and diaper rashes are common in effect among the children aging 1 year administered with oseltamivir[9]. The adult and adolescent dosage of Tamiflu is 75 mg twice daily taken for 5 days. If oral tablet cannot be swallowed by the patients, 12.5 ml of Tamiflu must be taken which delivers 75 mg of Tamiflu. For patient of two years to twelve years of age the dosage vary from 30 mg to 75 mg[10]. The dosage depends upon body weight. In case of babies less than 1 year of age ranging from 2 weeks to one year of age, 3mg/kg twice daily is the recommended dosage. If it is given in form of oral suspension, then it must be 0.5 ml/kg of the solution[11]. In case of renal impairments dosage adjustments are required where the creatinine clearance timing is 10-60 ml/min and patient suffering from end stage renal disease. If patient is receiving haemodialysis and continuous peritoneal dialysis it demands a dose adjustment. In case of patients who are suffering from end stage renal disease but not receiving any dialysis treatment, in such cases Tamiflu is not recommended. For patients of renal impairment having a creatinine clearance rate of 60-90 ml/min 75 mg of Tamiflu is recommended once daily. In case of 30-60 ml/min, 30 mg once daily is the recommended dosage. In case of 10-30 ml/min 30 mg is recommended at every alternate day. In case of end stage renal disease on haemodialysis and creatinine clearance of 10ml/min 30 mg of Tamiflu is recommended after every alternate haemodialysis cycle. In case of peritoneal dialysis patients where creatinine clearance is 10ml/min 30 mg of Tamiflu is recommended once a week immediately after the dialysis. In case of mild or moderate heaptic impairment no dosage adjustment is required[12]. Part 3 The stability of Tamiflu and different forms of formulations are based upon empirical studies carried out as US FDA guidelines. Tamiflu is available in tablet format at different concentrations such as 30 mg, 45 mg or 75 mg. It is also available in oral suspension form with a concentration of 6 mg per ml. If the oral suspension is constituted, then this must be used within 17 days of preparation and within 10 days if it is stored under refrigerated condition. In case of emergency compounded suspension, the suspension must be kept under refrigeration for 5 weeks (35 days) at a temperature range of 2-8 degree centigrade. If it has to be kept at room temperature it can be kept for 5 days at 25 degree centigrade. All the storage conditions are based upon the stability studies carried out as per US FDA guidelines with glass and PET bottles. The oral suspensions can differ in dosages and can be made as per patient requirement. The simplicity and convenient dosing of Tamiflu make it the pre ferred one against other formulations. Patients are usually given dosage of 30 mg, 45 mg, 60 mg and 75 mg twice[13]. Part 4 From the above discussions it is evident Oseltamivir is the preferred medication against influenza virus as compared to other alternatives available to counteract influenza virus. The first reason behind preference of Oseltamivir against other medications is it has been approved by FDA and has been used during influenza season of 2014-2015 in USA. The FDA approval of Oseltamivir indicates its safety and efficacy are well studied before its clinical applications. Oseltamivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor which can inhibit both influenza virus A and B which justifies its usage in clinical aspect. The rivalry class of drugs such as amantadine and rimantadine are also used against influenza virus, but the high level of resistance of viral organisms suggests Oseltamivir to be used as first line of choice against influenza virus. Although amantadine is well tolerated due to widespread resistance it is no more recommended by clinicians. The resistance is usually seen in 2-4 days of treatment evident from amino acid substitution in M2 proteins. Similarly with rimantadine the neurologic adverse effects are less, yet it is not recommended clinically due to its well resistance by the organisms. Since Oseltamivir can be used for children under less than one year, and also for adults it is the preferred choice by clinicians. It reaches peak serum concentration by 1 hour. Similarly, it is excreted effectively i.e.99% active Oseltamivir carboxylate through renal pathway. Tamiflu is available in pill form as well as liquid dosage, making it preferred choice over other rivalry such as Zanamivir which is not indicated for COPD and asthma patients. Rapivab is taken intravenously limiting its self-use by the patients. Zanamivir is used for treatment in patients of 7 years or older and for prevention it can be used for 5 years older or more. Peramivir is used only for adults of 18 years age or older. These limitations of counterparts and alternatives of Tamiflu make it the preferred one against others. References 1. Shobugawa, Y., Saito, R., Sato, I., Kawashima, T., Dapat, C., Dapat, I. C., ... Suzuki, H. Clinical effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitorsoseltamivir, zanamivir, laninamivir, and peramivirfor treatment of influenza A (H3N2) and A (H1N1) pdm09 infection: an observational study in the 20102011 influenza season in Japan. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 2012. 18(6), 858-864.2. Kim, J. H., Resende, R., Wennekes, T., Chen, H. M., Bance, N., Buchini, S., ... Withers, S. G. Mechanism-based covalent neuraminidase inhibitors with broad-spectrum influenza antiviral activity. Science, 2013.340(6128), 71-75.3. Heneghan, C. J., Onakpoya, I., Thompson, M., Spencer, E. A., Jones, M., Jefferson, T. Zanamivir for influenza in adults and children: systematic review of clinical study reports and summary of regulatory comments. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 2014.348.4. Kawai, N., Ikematsu, H., Iwaki, N., Maeda, T., Kanazawa, H., Kawashima, T., ... Kashiwagi, S. 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