Organizational Culture And Values On Strategic Leadership...

Organization’s Ethical and Value-Based Approach to Leadership Impact of the Organization’s Culture and Values on Strategic Leadership Organizational leadership and culture has been a major issue in today’s highly structured organizations. This has necessitated that organizations understand in depth the inter-relation between culture and organization on strategic leadership. Is it that the leadership determines culture or the culture determines leadership behaviors? While many argue that the leaders have absolute control and influence the direction of organizational culture, research actually shows that leaders themselves are greatly influenced by variables and situational setting in any organization, implying that it is valid to say that leadership itself receives significant influence from organizational culture (Waldner Weeks, 2006). Due to this, the effort to identify and understand how trends and traits making up organizational culture have been a priority amongst most organizations seeking to improve the effectiveness of strategic leadership. According to Schein (2004), the reason why such issues as culture and leadership is important stems from one of the critical factors, that is the fact that certain trends and traits are shared among a group hence forming a shared culture. Schein also explains other critical elements of culture such as structural stability. The definition of culture within an organization creates some sense of stability as it defines the identityShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture And Values On Strategic Leadership Essay4412 Words   |  18 PagesSTRATEGIC LEADERSHIP Name Institution Course Date Organization’s Ethical and Value-Based Approach to Leadership Impact of the Organization’s Culture and Values on Strategic Leadership Organizational leadership and culture has been a major issue in today’s highly structured organizations. This has necessitated that organizations understand in depth the inter-relation between culture and organization on strategic leadership. Is it that the leadership determines culture or the culture determinesRead MoreSignificance Of Strategic Value Within Organizations Success922 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization, the need of practical and strategic value holds a tremendous weight in organizations. In certain scenarios, improvement within organizations can be undesirable. While examining both, practical and strategic value holds specific requirements ultimately helping product quality results. The significance in both creates necessary guidelines on aligning proper etiquette within organizations. In 2007, the author tom McKaskill defined the significance of strategic value within organizations successRead MoreMission, Vision Values - Alameda County Community Food Bank965 Words   |  4 Pagesmission, vision, and values contribute to an organization’s ability to reach its desired end state by clearly stating the fundamental principals that will guide the firm’s actions and defines a clear set of values that encourages staff to work towards accomplishing the desired end state. The Alameda County Community Food Bank was chosen for completing a strategic plan. This paper will discuss the strategic plan for the Alameda Community Food Bank, components of the strategic management process thatRead MoreThe Leadership Model : Inclusive Leadership And Organizational Culture Among A Diverse Global Group Of Employees1065 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Leadership Models Research has shown inclusive leadership is based on leadership that is ethical and all-encompassing driven by the leaders desire to honestly connect to subordinates. Ethical leaders such as Authentic, Servant, and Strategic understand the importance of all subordinates regardless of race, creed, color or national origin play an equally important role in the strategic organizational plan. Such traits allow leaders to effectively engage with subordinates of a wide varietyRead MoreQCP 100 Quiz 2 Ch 4 Questions 21626 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿QCP 100 8th Edition CHAPTER 4 STRATEGIC FOCUS FOR PERFORMANCE EXCELLENCE TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. 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While the traditional positive leadership elements such as aligning personnel with vision; providing a sense of direction; communicating effectively and often; empowering; training; and mentoring should be present in the scope of organizational management, â€Å"Leadership for quality is based on the philosophyRead MoreSaudi Aramco Leadership Assessment1445 Words   |  6 PagesSaudi Aramco Leadership Assessment Introduction Organizations whose cultures are tightly integrated to cultural, societal and political norms and values often face a significantly greater series of challenges in implementing change management and retaining agility in the midst of market turbulence. Saudi Aramcos culture is a polyglot of cultural, societal and political norms, unified under the Saudi Arabian series of cultural constraints and values. While Saudi Aramco is a global force in oilRead MoreOrganizational Change Essays1078 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational change can be intimidating for business leaders. The internet hosts several sites for small consulting firms that specialize in helping corporate leaders initiative positive change in their organizational culture. One such firm, Change Management Solutions, Inc., (CMS) uses a five-step change model, which encompasses contemporary collective and collaborative theories and models of change and change leadership. The firm considers culture, organizational leadership , and change planningRead MoreInclusive Leadership : Forming A Global Team1114 Words   |  5 PagesInclusive Leadership: Forming a Global Team Cornelius Cash Grand Canyon University LDR804-Leading across Cultures September 21, 2016 t: Ethical Leadership Models Research has shown inclusive leadership is based on leadership that is ethical and all-encompassing driven by the leaders desire to honestly connect to subordinates. Ethical leaders understand all subordinates regardless of race, creed, color or national origin play an equally important role in the strategic organizational plan (CottrillRead MoreLeadership and Management977 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership and management are two notions that are often used interchangeably. However, these words actually describe two different concepts. The following report will discuss the differences and examine the roles and responsibilities of leaders in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture. What is leadership, and what is the difference between leadership and management? • Leadership is setting a new direction or vision for a group that they follow, i.e. a leader is the spearhead

To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume Free Essays

Generally, a resume is a list of credentials that serves as an introduction to those who will hopefully employ a person for a particular job or position. To write a proper and well-constructed resume is often a rather daunting task, due to the need to thoroughly assess one’s personality, accomplishments and acquired skills. The act of composing and submitting a resume also requires a careful consideration of the company that might be one’s future employer. We will write a custom essay sample on To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume or any similar topic only for you Order Now A person must know exactly what the company is looking for and if his/her qualifications meet the company’s overall needs. But writing the resume is but one crucial step in the process, yet it is the most important element which will eventually lead to a new job or position. A poorly written resume often results in a negative response from employers, yet a well-written and conceived resume can influence the employer or interviewer to ask about one’s strengths and the skills that a person can bring to a prospective employer. Even a person with little or no experience can find a good job is he/she is helped by a thoughtful and well-polished resume. In today’s modern world, employers do not have the time nor the patience to read lengthy and disorganized resumes, for in reality, they look for tightly-composed, straightforward and action-based resumes. Although a one-page resume is the normal type, a two-pager may be needed if the person seeking employment has extensive work experience or has changed careers and requires the proper space to relate their accomplishments and work experience. According to â€Å"Writing Resume Tips,† the following traits must be part of every successful resume-careful proofreading with attention paid to spelling, punctuation, grammar and style; all information must be organized in a logical fashion; all descriptions must be clear and to the point; simple and easy to read fonts are mandatory, such as New Times Roman, Palatino, Helvetica and Arial; if possible, the resume must be confined to one single page; always include as much work experience as possible, even if it does not relate directly to the job one is seeking; all information must be tailored to the job one is seeking, and lastly, if one is not sure on how to proceed with the writing of a resume, always seek out professional assistance, either at school or the local library (Jobweb, Internet). Of course, knowing exactly what to include in a resume is an art in itself, for everything depends on a person’s â€Å"individual career goals as well as one the professional goals of the companies hiring in (one’s) area or field of interest. † Thus, through â€Å"research, planning, questioning and self-reflection,† a person will be able to create a well-written and positively-viewed resume (â€Å"Your Resume: General Concerns,† Internet). There are three types of resumes that are currently being used by students fresh from the university and by professional persons seeking new positions or changing their careers. The first is called the reverse chronological resume in which the most recent job or position is listed first. This is the type of resume usually preferred by employers who have to read a large number of resumes and it is by far the most popular and widely circulated. However, this type of resume may not be the most effective means of highlighting one’s skills and accomplishments. A second type of resume is known as the functional resume which is generally used by those re-entering the workforce after many years or trying to change career fields. This type places the focus on achievements instead of the sequence of one’s work history as in the chronological resume. In the functional resume, a person’s experience is presented via general accomplishments and the skills developed over one’s entire working life. Also, the functional resume is organized quite differently. For example, the work experience section is divided in two with job duties and accomplishments making up one section; the second section contains the basic elements of one’s work history and comes after the accomplishments section which is often called â€Å"employment history,† due to being a chronological overview of former jobs and positions. In today’s technological age, there is now another type of resume known as the electronic resume which is cut and pasted in an email and transmitted as part of the email message. Generally, this type of resume contains no formatting-â€Å"Whatever was bold becomes regular type; underlining, italics, centering and justification disappear, and the resume ends up being transmitted in the font designed for emailing† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 67). However, under exceptional circumstances, a person may opt to create a generic resume which contains no industry-specific information and is meant to appeal to a wide range of organizations and companies. For the most part, all of these type of resumes, with the exception of the electronic type, contain two important sections-first, the primary section, made up of an introduction, experience and education, and then the secondary section which may contain the objective, professional honors and awards, publications, computer skills, professional organizations, community activities, club memberships, volunteer positions, college work experience, military experience and some personal information such as supportive references (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 78). Obviously, the three most important elements of any well-organized resume are the introduction which gives the potential employer some basic background information on exactly which job or position is being sought, the experience section which details a person’s work history and the education section which highlights a person’s educational achievements at the high school, local community college and university levels. The experience section of a resume describes the work that a person has performed throughout his/her working life or career and thus appears first on the resume. However, if a person is changing careers, his/her work experience may be completely unrelated to the type of job or position being sought which makes the education section more important, thereby placing it before the experience section. Also, if a person has held a position in which certain degrees or related documents were required for employment, such as in law, medicine, engineering or management, the resume must begin with the education section. If a resume is begun with the work experience section, it should be in reverse chronological order, starting with the most current or recent employer. This section must also include accomplishments and duties via what type of work was done, what was achieved and how an employer benefited from one’s accomplishments on the job. Special consideration should be given to supervision, such as holding some type of management position in which one supervised or managed a number of people along with the specific title one held (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 95). Following the primary section, the resume then offers more information on various personal traits. With the objective, this statement refers to the type of position one is seeking, but often it is omitted, due to limiting the types of positions which may be offered to the prospective employee by the company or institution. When describing the job objective, it is a good idea to keep it extremely simple and direct and to make certain that it tells the employer what one wants to do within a company. Professional honors and awards can also be included in the objective, but only if they relate to the position being sought. For instance, a person applying as a manager in the automotive business might include awards from major automobile manufacturers or recognition for some type of innovative change. A person might also include any type of publishing credentials, especially those related to the position one is seeking. Since today’s world is so reliant on technology, it is a good idea to include a short description on one’s computer skills, particularly if the skills are related to programs essential to engineering or statistical management. Professional organizations can often play important roles, for they demonstrate â€Å"a sincere interest and commitment to one’s career and reflect real involvement in a person’s chosen field of specialty† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 124). The same holds true for community activities, club memberships and voluntary activities outside of the work environment, and by mentioning them, it may be beneficial if the position one is seeking requires strong social skills, such as in management and personnel recruitment. For those seeking to change careers and recent university graduates, including college work experience on a resume can make all the difference, for the potential employer will see that the person seeking the job or position was highly interested as a student in a particular vocation, especially if there is an indication that the work experience was as an intern, meaning that it was unpaid and voluntary. Of course, military experience can often be highly influential, for some employers may be veterans or currently hold reserve status in the National Guard or Coast Guard. One final piece of advice has to do with mentioning memberships in organizations that indicate a person’s religion, such as Masonic lodges or fraternities, and political preference, such as a member of a political party. In the field of management, the narrative paragraph adds the finishing touch to most resumes and is designed to provide â€Å"key information about one’s abilities, including any advanced or specialized education, publishing credentials and speaking engagements, all of which usually greatly impressive prospective employers† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 126). When composing the narrative, those seeking positions in management should try to include descriptive statements that pertain to one’s accomplishments, responsibilities and personal strengths. For example, a resume could mention that the prospective employee is an innovative and energetic leader, a skilled communicator and team builder; an accomplished expert at organizational repositioning and the development of strategic initiatives; an accomplished corporate strategist; has demonstrated leadership abilities to develop and implement solutions that improve sales and revenues; an expert at identifying and capturing business in high-growth market segments; accomplished at managing diverse groups, people and situations and an expert at human resources development, motivation and management. In conclusion, a resume is an extremely subjective document, and while its primary goal is to illustrate a potential employee’s strengths, accomplishments and capabilities, the exact way to present these traits depends on the interviewer/employer. However, a well-constructed and written resume will always be appreciated by potential employers, for it not only demonstrates a person’s organizational abilities but also illuminates one’s dedication and perseverance to the often agonizing pursuit of finding the right job or position. How to cite To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume, Papers To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume Free Essays Generally, a resume is a list of credentials that serves as an introduction to those who will hopefully employ a person for a particular job or position. To write a proper and well-constructed resume is often a rather daunting task, due to the need to thoroughly assess one’s personality, accomplishments and acquired skills. The act of composing and submitting a resume also requires a careful consideration of the company that might be one’s future employer. We will write a custom essay sample on To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume or any similar topic only for you Order Now A person must know exactly what the company is looking for and if his/her qualifications meet the company’s overall needs. But writing the resume is but one crucial step in the process, yet it is the most important element which will eventually lead to a new job or position. A poorly written resume often results in a negative response from employers, yet a well-written and conceived resume can influence the employer or interviewer to ask about one’s strengths and the skills that a person can bring to a prospective employer. Even a person with little or no experience can find a good job is he/she is helped by a thoughtful and well-polished resume. In today’s modern world, employers do not have the time nor the patience to read lengthy and disorganized resumes, for in reality, they look for tightly-composed, straightforward and action-based resumes. Although a one-page resume is the normal type, a two-pager may be needed if the person seeking employment has extensive work experience or has changed careers and requires the proper space to relate their accomplishments and work experience. According to â€Å"Writing Resume Tips,† the following traits must be part of every successful resume-careful proofreading with attention paid to spelling, punctuation, grammar and style; all information must be organized in a logical fashion; all descriptions must be clear and to the point; simple and easy to read fonts are mandatory, such as New Times Roman, Palatino, Helvetica and Arial; if possible, the resume must be confined to one single page; always include as much work experience as possible, even if it does not relate directly to the job one is seeking; all information must be tailored to the job one is seeking, and lastly, if one is not sure on how to proceed with the writing of a resume, always seek out professional assistance, either at school or the local library (Jobweb, Internet). Of course, knowing exactly what to include in a resume is an art in itself, for everything depends on a person’s â€Å"individual career goals as well as one the professional goals of the companies hiring in (one’s) area or field of interest. † Thus, through â€Å"research, planning, questioning and self-reflection,† a person will be able to create a well-written and positively-viewed resume (â€Å"Your Resume: General Concerns,† Internet). There are three types of resumes that are currently being used by students fresh from the university and by professional persons seeking new positions or changing their careers. The first is called the reverse chronological resume in which the most recent job or position is listed first. This is the type of resume usually preferred by employers who have to read a large number of resumes and it is by far the most popular and widely circulated. However, this type of resume may not be the most effective means of highlighting one’s skills and accomplishments. A second type of resume is known as the functional resume which is generally used by those re-entering the workforce after many years or trying to change career fields. This type places the focus on achievements instead of the sequence of one’s work history as in the chronological resume. In the functional resume, a person’s experience is presented via general accomplishments and the skills developed over one’s entire working life. Also, the functional resume is organized quite differently. For example, the work experience section is divided in two with job duties and accomplishments making up one section; the second section contains the basic elements of one’s work history and comes after the accomplishments section which is often called â€Å"employment history,† due to being a chronological overview of former jobs and positions. In today’s technological age, there is now another type of resume known as the electronic resume which is cut and pasted in an email and transmitted as part of the email message. Generally, this type of resume contains no formatting-â€Å"Whatever was bold becomes regular type; underlining, italics, centering and justification disappear, and the resume ends up being transmitted in the font designed for emailing† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 67). However, under exceptional circumstances, a person may opt to create a generic resume which contains no industry-specific information and is meant to appeal to a wide range of organizations and companies. For the most part, all of these type of resumes, with the exception of the electronic type, contain two important sections-first, the primary section, made up of an introduction, experience and education, and then the secondary section which may contain the objective, professional honors and awards, publications, computer skills, professional organizations, community activities, club memberships, volunteer positions, college work experience, military experience and some personal information such as supportive references (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 78). Obviously, the three most important elements of any well-organized resume are the introduction which gives the potential employer some basic background information on exactly which job or position is being sought, the experience section which details a person’s work history and the education section which highlights a person’s educational achievements at the high school, local community college and university levels. The experience section of a resume describes the work that a person has performed throughout his/her working life or career and thus appears first on the resume. However, if a person is changing careers, his/her work experience may be completely unrelated to the type of job or position being sought which makes the education section more important, thereby placing it before the experience section. Also, if a person has held a position in which certain degrees or related documents were required for employment, such as in law, medicine, engineering or management, the resume must begin with the education section. If a resume is begun with the work experience section, it should be in reverse chronological order, starting with the most current or recent employer. This section must also include accomplishments and duties via what type of work was done, what was achieved and how an employer benefited from one’s accomplishments on the job. Special consideration should be given to supervision, such as holding some type of management position in which one supervised or managed a number of people along with the specific title one held (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 95). Following the primary section, the resume then offers more information on various personal traits. With the objective, this statement refers to the type of position one is seeking, but often it is omitted, due to limiting the types of positions which may be offered to the prospective employee by the company or institution. When describing the job objective, it is a good idea to keep it extremely simple and direct and to make certain that it tells the employer what one wants to do within a company. Professional honors and awards can also be included in the objective, but only if they relate to the position being sought. For instance, a person applying as a manager in the automotive business might include awards from major automobile manufacturers or recognition for some type of innovative change. A person might also include any type of publishing credentials, especially those related to the position one is seeking. Since today’s world is so reliant on technology, it is a good idea to include a short description on one’s computer skills, particularly if the skills are related to programs essential to engineering or statistical management. Professional organizations can often play important roles, for they demonstrate â€Å"a sincere interest and commitment to one’s career and reflect real involvement in a person’s chosen field of specialty† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 124). The same holds true for community activities, club memberships and voluntary activities outside of the work environment, and by mentioning them, it may be beneficial if the position one is seeking requires strong social skills, such as in management and personnel recruitment. For those seeking to change careers and recent university graduates, including college work experience on a resume can make all the difference, for the potential employer will see that the person seeking the job or position was highly interested as a student in a particular vocation, especially if there is an indication that the work experience was as an intern, meaning that it was unpaid and voluntary. Of course, military experience can often be highly influential, for some employers may be veterans or currently hold reserve status in the National Guard or Coast Guard. One final piece of advice has to do with mentioning memberships in organizations that indicate a person’s religion, such as Masonic lodges or fraternities, and political preference, such as a member of a political party. In the field of management, the narrative paragraph adds the finishing touch to most resumes and is designed to provide â€Å"key information about one’s abilities, including any advanced or specialized education, publishing credentials and speaking engagements, all of which usually greatly impressive prospective employers† (Eyler, Resumes for Success, 126). When composing the narrative, those seeking positions in management should try to include descriptive statements that pertain to one’s accomplishments, responsibilities and personal strengths. For example, a resume could mention that the prospective employee is an innovative and energetic leader, a skilled communicator and team builder; an accomplished expert at organizational repositioning and the development of strategic initiatives; an accomplished corporate strategist; has demonstrated leadership abilities to develop and implement solutions that improve sales and revenues; an expert at identifying and capturing business in high-growth market segments; accomplished at managing diverse groups, people and situations and an expert at human resources development, motivation and management. In conclusion, a resume is an extremely subjective document, and while its primary goal is to illustrate a potential employee’s strengths, accomplishments and capabilities, the exact way to present these traits depends on the interviewer/employer. However, a well-constructed and written resume will always be appreciated by potential employers, for it not only demonstrates a person’s organizational abilities but also illuminates one’s dedication and perseverance to the often agonizing pursuit of finding the right job or position. How to cite To Write a Proper and Well-Constructed Resume, Essay examples

Oseltamivir Clinical Effectiveness of Neuraminidase Inhibitors

Question: Write an essay on Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) for influenz? Answer: Clinical Use Oseltamivir or more popularly known as Tamiflu is an antiviral medication that works by blocking the actions of influenza virus A and B in the body. Oseltamivir is used for the treatment of influenza in people who are one year old or more. This medicine is not used for the treatment of common cold. The drug is administered orally and it readily gets absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after which it is converted from hepatic esterases to oseltamivir carboxylate [1]. Mode of action: The oseltamivir acts as an inhibitor of the neuraminidase enzyme which is expressed on the surface of the virus. This enzyme helps the virus by promoting its release from the infected cells to the respiratory tract. When oseltamivir inhibits this enzyme then virions are unable to move and remain attached to the membrane of the infected cells and also get entrapped in the respiratory secretions [2]. Alternative to Oseltamivir Zanamivir is used as an alternative to Oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza. Zanamivir is an inhaled drug and blocks the action of neuraminidase that helps the virus to spread from the infected cells to the healthy cells in the body. Hence this reduces the symptoms and duration of the influenza infection [3]. Both Zanamivir and oseltamivir have equal efficacy in the terms of reducing the symptoms of influenza. Both the medicines are prescribed to be given twice a day for five days. However oseltamivir is generally prescribed for the people at least of age 1 or older whereas Zanamivir is prescribed for people aging 7 years or more [4]. Oseltamivir has been found to be effective only against influenza A (H3N2) infection and is less effective against influenza B infection. It is also not much effective against H1NI viral infection whereas Zanamivir has been found to be effective against both influenza A and influenza B infection. Both the drugs are however have been found to be less effective against influenza A (H1N1) infection [5]. Both the drugs are neuraminidase inhibitors but the effectiveness of each drug is based upon the susceptibility of the influenza virus to the drug. Form researches it has been found that the influenza virus A and B are more susceptible to Oseltamivir than to Zanamivir. Moreover Zanamivir cannot be prescribed to a person who is allergic to milk protein or lactose. It should be avoided by pregnant woman or mothers giving breast feed to their child. It should also not be administered to person having heart or any kind of breathing problems such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary dis ease. People suffering from mental illness should not be given Zanamivir[6]. Side effects of oseltamivir: Although Oseltamivir is widely used for the treatment of influenza but it has several side effects. Nausea and vomiting are the most common side effects. Apart from this frequent mood swings is more prevailed among children that consist of confusion in understanding simple things, agitation and self-injuries. Allergic reaction is also one of the side effects which consist of itching, rashes and breathing problems. The rare symptoms that have been reported so far consist of abdominal cramps, extreme back or arm pain, bloating, discomfort in the chest, diarrhea often accompanied by blood discharge, drooling, swelling on the face, increase in the heart beat, hoarseness, frequent thirst, shortness of breath and sudden weight loss[7]. Side effects associated with Zanamivir consist of mild to severe allergies such as shortness of breath, facial swellings, swelling of throat and lips. More common side effects caused by Zanamivir consist of headache, dizziness, vomiting, fever, body pain and symptoms of cold such as sneezing, stuffy nose and sore throat. In some rare cases Zanamivir causesarticular rheumatism, hallucinations, loss of appetite and acute renal failure[8]. Oseltamivir is contraindicated in the patients having hypersensitivity to any of the components of the drug or to other food allergies such as allergy to lactose or milk proteins. The most adverse effect of this drug among adults is vomiting, headache, insomnia and nausea. Oseltamivir is strictly not prescribed for children below the age of 1 year old and the standardized dose of the drug is 3mg/Kg administered for five days. However vomiting, diarrhea and diaper rashes are common in effect among the children aging 1 year administered with oseltamivir[9]. The adult and adolescent dosage of Tamiflu is 75 mg twice daily taken for 5 days. If oral tablet cannot be swallowed by the patients, 12.5 ml of Tamiflu must be taken which delivers 75 mg of Tamiflu. For patient of two years to twelve years of age the dosage vary from 30 mg to 75 mg[10]. The dosage depends upon body weight. In case of babies less than 1 year of age ranging from 2 weeks to one year of age, 3mg/kg twice daily is the recommended dosage. If it is given in form of oral suspension, then it must be 0.5 ml/kg of the solution[11]. In case of renal impairments dosage adjustments are required where the creatinine clearance timing is 10-60 ml/min and patient suffering from end stage renal disease. If patient is receiving haemodialysis and continuous peritoneal dialysis it demands a dose adjustment. In case of patients who are suffering from end stage renal disease but not receiving any dialysis treatment, in such cases Tamiflu is not recommended. For patients of renal impairment having a creatinine clearance rate of 60-90 ml/min 75 mg of Tamiflu is recommended once daily. In case of 30-60 ml/min, 30 mg once daily is the recommended dosage. In case of 10-30 ml/min 30 mg is recommended at every alternate day. In case of end stage renal disease on haemodialysis and creatinine clearance of 10ml/min 30 mg of Tamiflu is recommended after every alternate haemodialysis cycle. In case of peritoneal dialysis patients where creatinine clearance is 10ml/min 30 mg of Tamiflu is recommended once a week immediately after the dialysis. In case of mild or moderate heaptic impairment no dosage adjustment is required[12]. Part 3 The stability of Tamiflu and different forms of formulations are based upon empirical studies carried out as US FDA guidelines. Tamiflu is available in tablet format at different concentrations such as 30 mg, 45 mg or 75 mg. It is also available in oral suspension form with a concentration of 6 mg per ml. If the oral suspension is constituted, then this must be used within 17 days of preparation and within 10 days if it is stored under refrigerated condition. In case of emergency compounded suspension, the suspension must be kept under refrigeration for 5 weeks (35 days) at a temperature range of 2-8 degree centigrade. If it has to be kept at room temperature it can be kept for 5 days at 25 degree centigrade. All the storage conditions are based upon the stability studies carried out as per US FDA guidelines with glass and PET bottles. The oral suspensions can differ in dosages and can be made as per patient requirement. The simplicity and convenient dosing of Tamiflu make it the pre ferred one against other formulations. Patients are usually given dosage of 30 mg, 45 mg, 60 mg and 75 mg twice[13]. Part 4 From the above discussions it is evident Oseltamivir is the preferred medication against influenza virus as compared to other alternatives available to counteract influenza virus. The first reason behind preference of Oseltamivir against other medications is it has been approved by FDA and has been used during influenza season of 2014-2015 in USA. The FDA approval of Oseltamivir indicates its safety and efficacy are well studied before its clinical applications. Oseltamivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor which can inhibit both influenza virus A and B which justifies its usage in clinical aspect. The rivalry class of drugs such as amantadine and rimantadine are also used against influenza virus, but the high level of resistance of viral organisms suggests Oseltamivir to be used as first line of choice against influenza virus. Although amantadine is well tolerated due to widespread resistance it is no more recommended by clinicians. The resistance is usually seen in 2-4 days of treatment evident from amino acid substitution in M2 proteins. Similarly with rimantadine the neurologic adverse effects are less, yet it is not recommended clinically due to its well resistance by the organisms. Since Oseltamivir can be used for children under less than one year, and also for adults it is the preferred choice by clinicians. It reaches peak serum concentration by 1 hour. Similarly, it is excreted effectively i.e.99% active Oseltamivir carboxylate through renal pathway. Tamiflu is available in pill form as well as liquid dosage, making it preferred choice over other rivalry such as Zanamivir which is not indicated for COPD and asthma patients. Rapivab is taken intravenously limiting its self-use by the patients. Zanamivir is used for treatment in patients of 7 years or older and for prevention it can be used for 5 years older or more. Peramivir is used only for adults of 18 years age or older. These limitations of counterparts and alternatives of Tamiflu make it the preferred one against others. References 1. Shobugawa, Y., Saito, R., Sato, I., Kawashima, T., Dapat, C., Dapat, I. C., ... Suzuki, H. Clinical effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitorsoseltamivir, zanamivir, laninamivir, and peramivirfor treatment of influenza A (H3N2) and A (H1N1) pdm09 infection: an observational study in the 20102011 influenza season in Japan. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 2012. 18(6), 858-864.2. Kim, J. H., Resende, R., Wennekes, T., Chen, H. M., Bance, N., Buchini, S., ... Withers, S. G. Mechanism-based covalent neuraminidase inhibitors with broad-spectrum influenza antiviral activity. Science, 2013.340(6128), 71-75.3. Heneghan, C. J., Onakpoya, I., Thompson, M., Spencer, E. A., Jones, M., Jefferson, T. Zanamivir for influenza in adults and children: systematic review of clinical study reports and summary of regulatory comments. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 2014.348.4. Kawai, N., Ikematsu, H., Iwaki, N., Maeda, T., Kanazawa, H., Kawashima, T., ... Kashiwagi, S. A comparison of the effect iveness of zanamivir and oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza A and B. Journal of Infection, 2008.56(1), 51-57.5. Meijer, A., Lackenby, A., Hungnes, O., Lina, B., Van Der Werf, S., Schweiger, B., ... European Influenza Surveillance Scheme.Oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus A (H1N1), Europe, 200708 season. Emerging infectious diseases, 2009.15(4), 552.6. Brillman, J. C. Try Zanamivir for Oseltamivir-Resistant Flu Virus.Emergency Medicine News, 2009.31(5), 8-17.7. Strong, M., Burrows, J., Stedman, E., Redgrave, P. Adverse drug effects following oseltamivir mass treatment and prophylaxis in a school outbreak of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in June 2009, Sheffield, United Kingdom. Euro Surveill, 2010.15(19), 19565-19570.8. Shun-Shin, M., Thompson, M., Heneghan, C., Perera, R., Harnden, A., Mant, D. Neuraminidase inhibitors for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in children: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Bmj, 2009.339.9. Tappenden , P., Jackson, R., Cooper, K., Rees, A., Simpson, E., Read, R., Nicholson, K. G. Amantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir for the prophylaxis of influenza (including a review of existing guidance no. 67): a systematic review and economic evaluation.200910. Kohno, S., Yen, M. Y., Cheong, H. J., Hirotsu, N., Ishida, T., Kadota, J. I., ... Shimada, J. Phase III randomized, double-blind study comparing single-dose intravenous peramivir with oral oseltamivir in patients with seasonal influenza virus infection. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2011.55(11), 5267-5276.11. Cella, M., Knibbe, C., Danhof, M., Della Pasqua, O.What is the right dose for children?. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2010.70(4), 597-603.12. Davies, B. E.. Pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir: an oral antiviral for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in diverse populations. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2010.65(suppl 2), ii5-ii10.13. Gutirrez-Mendoza, L. M., Schwartz, B., Lira, J. D. J. M. D ., Wirtz, V. J. Oseltamivir storage, distribution and dispensing following the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in Mexico. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2012.90(10), 782-787.

Kubrick Lives Essays - English-language Films, British Films

Kubrick Lives Kubrick Lives The theory of authorship as applied to film directors is a subject that is argued extensively throughout the film world. The auteur theory was first introduced in the French film journal Cahiers du Cinema. Andrew Sarris who suggested that there are a group of filmmakers who fit into this category brought the theory to America. It states that in order for a director to be considered an auteur, there must be a consistency of style and theme across a number of films. Very few contemporary filmmakers fit into this category. One filmmaker, however, expanded his filmography over four and a half decades, and created a consistent theme and style. That director was Stanley Kubrick. Kubrick was known as a very stylistic filmmaker, so a lot can be said about his film style. His use of music, however, remains the most prominent aspect of Kubrick's film style, especially as his career progressed. He was a master at using music to evoke feelings and create tension and confusion. The two most prominent examples of the power of music occur in A Clockwork Orange, and 2001: A Space Odyssey. The first of these two films, 2001, was created like a symphony. It had an overture at the beginning, a musical intermission, and an epilogue at the end. The classical work of Richard Strauss, ?Also Spach Zarathustra?, supplies the most recognizable and moving main title theme of the film. The use of this music as well as other classical works including the frolicky ?Blue Danube? by Johann Strauss gives the film a flowing quality that it wouldn't normally have. Most of the music is light in nature, which contradicts the mystery that is unfolding in space. The beautiful imagery is mat ched well with the images and the editing to provide an incredible viewing experience. In A Clockwork Orange, Kubrick does virtually the same thing with music, only in a darker way. In the film, Alex is given a treatment that will make him ill when confronted with violence or sex. Unfortunately for him, the films he is forced to watch are scored with Beethoven's ?Ninth Symphony?, which is Alex's favorite music. A sense of irony and empathy is created in that by Alex trying to take the easy way out, he is forced to give up the three things he loves most: sex, violence, and Beethoven. His love of music backfires on him once again with his crooning of the song ?Singin' in the Rain.? In one of his violent attacks he sings that song throughout the scene. Ironically, this same victim brings him in later in a time of need. He gives himself away by singing in the bathtub. Both of these films use popular music in unconventional ways, and this can be traced to other Kubrick films as well. Lol ita and Dr. Strangelove are the most noteworthy. Along with a distinctive style, Kubrick films tend to have some very definitive themes going on within them. One of the most prominent themes is his treatment of the protagonist. In conventional filmmaking, the protagonist tends to be the ?good guy?. In Kubrick's films, however, the main characters (always male) tend to be not very likeable. This theme can be seen in virtually every Kubrick film. In The Killing, the ensemble cast of characters is planning a heist, each with their own agenda. In Lolita, Humbert Humbert is an English ?gentleman?, oh and also a pedophile. A Clockwork Orange's Alex is a young, violent, uncaring product of society. The thing that Kubrick does, however, is play with the audience's morals and emotions. He attempts, sometimes successfully, to get you to empathize and sympathize with these miscreants of society. We feel sorry at some point for poor Humbert as his Lolita, the love of his life, is taken away from him. And Alex, poor Alex, he is a victim of the system and is ruined by the unorthodox treatment. We eventually come to our senses, but for a brief moment or longer, we become victims of Kubrick's manipulative filmmaking power. Another theme that creates a thread throughout his body of work is the duality of self. Often, Kubrick's protagonists are faced with incredible conflicts within themselves. They encounter

John Wilkes Booth;Americas In essays

John Wilkes Booth;Americas In essays John Wilkes Booth, a name that conjures up Americas most infamous assassin and killer of perhaps one of Americas greatest presidents, Abraham Lincoln. Born in 1838 on a farm near Bel Air, Maryland, John W. Booth grew up favoring the south and its way of life. Being a Southerner, Booth was in favor of slavery and was a stubborn racist. For this reason, his hatred for Lincoln was intense since Lincoln stood for everything Booth was against. He blamed Lincoln for all the problems America was suffering especially any that were felt by the Confederacy. By comparing the beliefs of John Wilkes Booth to those of Abraham Lincolns, one can come to a clear understanding of how the tragic night at the Fords Theatre came to be. Slavery was a huge part of America at the time and one of Lincolns main goals was to rid America of the slave system. Booth was a stubborn racist and completely supported the slave system. In one instance he was one of the armed men responsible to guard against any attempts of saving John Brown (an abolitionist who attempted a slave uprising) before hanging. Booths racism is perhaps one of the reasons that lead to the assassination of Lincoln. He felt that Lincolns beliefs were outrageous and that he was out of proportions. "This country was formed for the white not for the black man. And looking upon African slavery from the same stand-point, held by those noble framers of our Constitution, I for one, have ever considered it, one of the greatest blessings (both for themselves and us) that God ever bestowed upon a favored nation." John Wilkes Booth, November, 1864, in a letter to his brother-in-law.1 Through Booths letter, it is evident that his racism and hatred for the blacks was extreme. He states that America was for the whites not the blacks and thus, he is in absolute favor of the slave system. For this reason, Booth yearned to get rid of Lincoln by any means ...

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Prestige

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Prestige In sociolinguistics, linguistic prestige is the degree of esteem and social value attached by members of a speech community to certain languages, dialects, or features of a language variety. Social and linguistic prestige is interrelated, notes Michael Pearce. The language of powerful social groups usually carries linguistic prestige; and social prestige is often granted to speakers of prestige languages and varieties (Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies, 2007). Linguists draw important distinctions between overt prestige and covert prestige: In the case of overt prestige, the social valuation lies in a unified, widely accepted set of social norms, whereas with covert prestige the positive social significance lies in the local culture of social relations. It is, therefore, possible for a socially stigmatized variant in one setting to have covert prestige in another (Walt Wolfram, Social Varieties of American English, 2004). Examples and Observations: Linguistic prestige is directly associated with power. As [Thomas Paul] Bonfiglio (2002:23) puts it, There is nothing in the particular language itself that determines its worth: it is the connection of the language in question to the phenomena of power that determines the value of that language and that contributes to the standardization process.(Gerard Van Herk, What Is Sociolinguistics? Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Old English certainly had words for language and female and face, and we could perfectly well have carried on using them [after the Norman invasion], but the much greater prestige of French induced many English-speakers to introduce French words into their speech in the hope of sounding more elegant. This attitude is always with us: French no longer enjoys quite the prestige it once had, but you may perhaps know someone who cannot resist spattering his English speech or writing with such French words and phrases as au contraire, joie de vivre, au naturel, fin de sià ¨cle and derrià ¨re. (R.L. Trask, Language: The Basics, 2nd ed. Routledge, 1999) Prestige in Grammar In grammar, most prestige forms are related to prescriptive norms of standardness or even literary norms. For example, the use of whom in Whom did you see? or the placement of never at the front of the sentence Never have I seen a more gruesome sight might be considered prestige variants in some social contexts. Apart from these somewhat special cases, it is difficult to find clear-cut cases of prestige variants on the grammatical level of language, particularly in the grammar of ordinary informal conversation...For present-day American English, it is clear that the vast majority of socially diagnostic structures exist on the axis of stigmatization rather than the axis of prestige.(Walt Wolfram, Social Varieties of American English. Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-First Century, ed. by Edward Finegan and John R. Rickford. Cambridge University Press, 2004) Overt and Covert Prestige A standard dialect speaker of English who intentionally switches to use of social markers such as aint and he dont is said to seek covert prestige. Such prestige is covert because its elicitation will often not, if successful, be consciously noted.Deliberate (as opposed to instinctive) use of taboo words such as fuck and shit, usage which tends to characterize male more than female speech, may also seek covert prestige, but the strength of these as social markers makes this more difficult to achieve. In a contrasting register, one uses unusually formal non-vernacular forms in vernacular contexts. For example, one will ordinarily say Its me to the question Who is it? asked by a familiar interlocutor, but, when asked the same question by one from whom one seeks prestige, the same speaker may say It is I. Similarly, except after prepositions Americans ordinarily say who in preference to whom: Who did you ask?, not Whom did you ask?  but in some circumstances, the latter may be substituted. Such usage is said to seek overt prestige because the often dubious prestige one gets from such usage is ordinarily consciously noted, hence overt. One may use jargon similarly seeking overt prestige, saying, for example, semantics when nothing more than ordinary meaning is intended.(Grover Hudson, Essential Introductory Linguistics. Blackwell, 2000) Labov on Prestige and Gender [American linguist William Labov developed] three principles regarding the linguistic behavior of men and women: 1. For stable sociolinguistic variants, women show a slower rate of stigmatized variants and a higher rate of prestige variants than men (Labov 2001: 266)2. In linguistic change from above, women adopt prestige forms at a higher rate than men (Labov 2001: 274)3. In linguistic change from below, women use higher frequencies of innovative forms than men do (Labov 2001: 292) Ultimately, Labov formulates the corresponding Gender Paradox: Women conform more closely than men to sociolinguistic norms that are overtly prescribed, but conform less than men when they are not.(Labov 2001: 293) All these principles and the Gender Paradox itself appear to be fairly robust findings with almost universal applicability in contemporary sociolinguistics...[E]very language period and every language community must be investigated independently and in its own right (pace Jardin 2000). The actual concepts and functions of class, gender, networks, and, most importantly, norms, standards, and prestige, differ radically in different communities.(Alexander Bergs, The Uniformitarian Principle and the Risk of Anachronisms in Language and Social History. The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics, ed. by Juan M. Hernndez-Campoy and Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Prestige, Status, and Function What do we mean by status and function? The two terms are often confused with one another and also with another term, prestige. Basically, the essential difference between prestige, function, and status is the difference between past, present, and future. The prestige of a language depends on its record, or what people think its record to have been. The function of a language is what people actually do with it. The status of a language depends on what people can do with it, its potential. Status, therefore, is the sum total of what you can do with a languagelegally, culturally, economically, politically and, of course, demographically. This is not necessarily the same as what you do with the language, although the two notions are obviously related, and indeed interdependent. They can also be connected with the prestige of a language. Let us illustrate the differences. Classical Latin has had a lot of prestige but it has few functions. Swahili has a lot of functions, but little presti ge. Irish Gaelic has status, official status, but few exclusive functions.(William F. Mackey, Determining the Status and Function of Languages in Multinational Societies. Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties, ed. by Ulrich Ammo. Walter de Gruyter, 1989)

Essential data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Essential data - Essay Example annual sales of SVL 12†, 15† and 19† flat screens of computers, the chart shows that the annual sale of Type C screens that are 19† are greater than sales of type B and type a it is obviously because the 19† screens are expensive than 12† and 15†. The correlation is one of the most common and most useful statistics. A correlation r is a single value that explains the degree of relationship among two variables. Correlation value r will always be between -1.0 and +1.0, if the correlation is negative, we have a negative relationship; if its positive, the relationship is positive. Here we have the correlation value r = -0.786 and the scatter plot shows a negative association between distance of SVL outlet and the Total sales in SVL outlets, it means the sales in SVL outlets that are near to high streets is more than in those outlets that are far from the high street. The correlation value r = 0.772 and the scatter plot shows a positive association between average monthly advertising expenditure and the Total sales in SVL outlets, it means the sales in SVL outlets increases with the expenditure on advertising. Regression investigates the dependence of one variable conventionally called the dependent variable on one or more variables called independent variable and provide an equation to be used for estimating or predicting the average value of the dependent variable from the known values of independent variable. Where, Y is the predictor, X is the predictor, â€Å"a† is the value of Y when X equals zero and is called Y-intercept, and â€Å"b† indicates the changes in Y for a unit change in X and is called the slope of the line and â€Å"e† is an error term having a normal distribution with mean of zero and standard deviation ÏÆ' (Fisher, 1922). We estimate â€Å"a† by â€Å"a†, â€Å"b† by â€Å"b† and â€Å"ÏÆ'† by â€Å"s†. The fitted equation is then: If we have P-value < ï  ¡ then we have to reject our hypothesis, from ANOVA table of regional location and

Belks and Goffmans Theories of Extended Self Essay

Belks and Goffmans Theories of Extended Self - Essay Example Emphasising on this particular issue, the discussion henceforth will be based on analysing self-concept from the perspective of Belk and Goffman. Belk’s Theory of Extended Self Belk’s advancement of extended self has been argued to render an innovative viewpoint regarding the study of self in consumer behaviour. Contextually, the theory of ‘extended self’ has provided a valuable motivation in the acknowledgement of requirement to extend the understanding of consumer behaviour beyond the traditional limitations of individuals as mechanical consumers of goods. According to Belk, possessions reflect the personality of possessor and sequentially these possessions contribute to the individuality (Belk, 1988). Goffman’s Theory of Self As affirmed in his theory of self, Goffman believed that every participant in social interactions is engaged in certain activities in order to avoid being embarrassed or embarrassing others. Goffman further observed that the connection between the type of activities which people usually conduct in their regular life and theatrical performances determine their identity and behavioural pattern. He believed that when individuals come in communication with other people, they intend to control or direct the impression by shifting their situation (Barnhart, n.d.). Analysis Blog 1: â€Å"Migration to Mobile I - How is Consumer Behaviour Changing?† The blog is based on the understanding of consumer behaviour towards purchasing mobile phones. The explanation depicted that in mobile phone market, consumer behaviour is highly impacted by the attributes of ‘extended self’. Mobile phone, as a possession can reflect the personality of possessor which in turn influences the purchasing behaviour of the potential customers. Furthermore, with respect to the Goffman’s theory, the social communication also tends to influence the purchase of products like mobile ph ones (Strategysmm, 2013). Blog 2: â€Å"Consumer Behaviour on Tattoos† The blog deals in learning the behaviour of consumers

City Pollution Essay Example for Free

City Pollution Essay 1. Describe how the use of a tall smoke stack might improve air quality near a large industrial facility. A taller smoke stack in an industrial area would improve air quality over shorter stacks. At night, when there is a temperature inversion, pollution from shorter stacks can become trapped and cannot rise any higher than the inversion’s top. The only place it can go is to spread out horizontally in all directions. This keeps all the pollutants spewing out of the stack to remain closer to the ground, lowering the air quality. A taller stack, on the other hand, would allow pollution exit above the inversion and disperse downwind. 2. How can topography contribute to pollution in a city or region? Topology can have a great impact on pollution in a region. We tend to build cities down in valleys, not on hills. Above a layer of cold air in the valleys is a warmer layer. This warm layer prevents pollution from rising which creates a layer of smog in the valley. The hills surrounding the valley act as barriers preventing winds from moving in to disperse the pollution. The same polluted air just recirculates in the valley unable to leave. 3. From where do hurricanes derive their energy? What factors tend to weaken hurricanes? Would you expect a hurricane to weaken more quickly if it moved over land or over cooler water? A hurricane’s energy comes from the transfer of both sensible and latent heat from the surface of the ocean. A cluster of thunderstorms must form around an area of low pressure for a hurricane to form. Warm water drives a hurricane, so when it moves over an area of colder water it slows down and begins to decay. A rising wind shear aloft also hinders a hurricanes momentum. Land does weaken more quickly when it makes land fall. The terrain tends to break up its wind movements, slowing it rapidly. Land also helps to suck the moisture out of the storm which further aids in its rapid decay. 4. Where is the Bermuda high located during the summer and fall? How might the path of a hurricane, moving toward the west from Africa, be affected by the Bermuda High as the hurricane approaches the United States? The Bermuda high is located in the North Atlantic Ocean and moves east and west depending on the season. In summer and fall it is located off the eastern coast of the United States, near Bermuda. In spring and winter it moves eastward and then becomes known as the Azores High. In summer and fall when there is a weak Bermuda high, it drives hurricanes up the east coast of the US. When it is stronger and located further westward, it drives hurricanes into Florida or the Gulf of Mexico. 5. How do you think pollutants are removed from the atmosphere? Does this occur quickly or slowly? Trees and plants play a large role in cleaning pollutants in out atmosphere. They trap pollutants in and release clean oxygen for us to breath. Planting more trees in a polluted industrial area can improve local air quality. Other pollutants can be carried by winds and simply settle and seep into the ground. They can also attach to water vapor, which then falls to the ground as precipitation. This is commonly referred to as acid rain. These processes do happen slowly. We, as a planet, are spewing more pollutants in the air than these natural process can handle, which has led to an ever increasing ozone layer. References Ahrens, C. D. (01/2014). Essentials of Meteorology: An Invitation to the Atmosphere, 7th Edition [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved fromhttp://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781305439733

The Blue Whale Essay -- essays research papers

The Blue Whale   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Balaenoptera Musculus, or the blue whale, is the largest mammal in the world. This enormous mammal can grow to be 110 feet long and weigh as much as 190 tons. That's longer than two city buses and the total weight of 30 elephants. This giant is powered by a heart the size of a taxi-cab. The blue whale's of the Antarctic grow larger than those of the Northern Hemisphere. Also, the females tend to be slightly larger than the males of the same age. These mammals are bluish-gray in color, with some paler spots. Algae tends to accumulate on their bellies causing a yellowish or mustard color. It has a mottled appearance with a broad, flattened U-shaped head. Fifty to ninety throat grooves run from the mouth to the belly. Instead of teeth, blue whales have 270 to 400 black baleen plates on each side of their mouths. These plates are about forty inches long and twenty-two inches wide. The blue whale has a tiny, stubby dorsal fin set far back on its body. It has a 20 foot wide, slightly notched, triangular flukes, which is propelled by an extremely thick tail stock. The flippers on this creature are long and slender, and are about one-seventh of the whale's body length. The blue whale's most prominent feature is its exceptionally fleshy splashgaurd, which surrounds the blowholes at the front and sides. This whale spouts a single slender jet that soars forty to fifty feet high.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The blue whale has very poor eyesight, no sense of smell, and has no sense of taste. However, the blue whale does have well-developed senses of touch and hearing. This large mammal has a life span of about eighty years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this time there is not too much known about the blue whale's behavior. Blowing and diving patterns vary according to the whale's activity. The blue whale blows every ten to twenty seconds for a total of two to six minutes, when relaxed, and then dives. They usually stay submerged for five to twenty minutes, but can stay under for up to 40 minutes. Blue whale's usually dive to around 490 feet, but can go deeper if need be. When swimming slowly, the whale rises at a shallow angle. He blows as soon as the head begins to brake the surface. The head disappears below the surface and a long expanse of the back rolls into view. The dorsal fin normally appears some time after the... ...ws about blue whales coming from the rest of the world's oceans. California waters may now represent some of the most critical large whale habitats in the world. Bibliograpghy 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boitani, Luigi and Bartoli, Stefania 1983. Simon and Schuster's Guide to Mammals. NewYork: Simon & Schuster Inc., p.237. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Singing Blues for the Blues. U.S. News and World Report, July 3, 1989 vol 107, n 1; pp.8 and 9. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leatherwood, Stephen and Reeves, Randall 1983. The Seirra Club Handbook of Whales and Dolphins. San Francisco: Seirra Club Books, pp. 47-51. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sattler, Helen Roney 1987. Whales, the Nomads of the Sea. New York: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Books; pp. 17, 28, 62-63. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carwardine, Mark 1985. Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc., pp.68-71. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lockley, Ronald M. 1979. Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises. NewYork: W.W. Norton and Co., Inc. p. 88. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baskin, Yvonne. Blue Behemoth Bounds Back. Bio Science, October 1993, vol 43, n 9; pp. 603-606.

Management Consultancy – Solutions Manual Chapter 19

MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY – Solutions Manual CHAPTER 19 SOURCES OF INTERMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM FINANCING: DEBT AND EQUITY I. Questions 1. The bond agreement specifies such basic items as the par value, the coupon rate, and the maturity date. 2. The priority of claims can be determined as follows: senior secured debt, junior secured debt, senior debenture, subordinated debenture, preference shares, ordinary shares. 3. Bond conversion. 4. The advantages of debt are: a. Interest payments are tax deductible. b. The financial obligation is clearly specified and of a fixed nature. . In an inflationary economy, debt may be paid back with cheaper pesos. d. The use of debt, up to a prudent point, may lower the cost of capital to the firm. The disadvantages are: a. Interest and principal payment obligations are set by contract and must be paid regardless of economic circumstances. b. Bond indenture agreements may place burdensome restrictions on the firm. c. Debt, utilized beyond a given po int, may serve as a depressant on outstanding ordinary shares. 19-1 Chapter 19 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: Debt and EquityII. Multiple Choice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. D D D B A C C E D B C D D A D 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. D C B A C A C B B B A A C C B 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. A C D A C C A A D C C A D B C Supporting computations: 16. Px = where Px Po N S = = = = value of a share5 (Po x N) + ex-rights market value of share rights-on N + 1 number of rights required to purchase one share subscription price per share Hence, Px = = = P72 360 (P75 x 4) + P60 5 the term loan: 5 18.The following schedule applies for Beginning Balance P5000 Interest x (1 – Tc ) P195 19-2 Principal Payment P1000 Ending Balance P4000 Year 1 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: Debt and Equity Chapter 19 2 3 4 5 4000 3000 2000 1000 156 117 78 39 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 2000 10 00 -0- The present value of interest after taxes at 12% is calculated to be P453. 49. 19. After the tax benefit, the annual cost of leasing is P1,400 (1 – . 35) = P910. The present value annuity factor for four years at 12% is 3. 0373.The present value cost of the lease is the cost of the first payment plus the present value of the four future payments, or P910 + P910 (3. 0373) = P3,673. 94. 20. The present value annuity factor for five years at 12% is 3. 6048. Therefore, the present value of principal payments is P1,000 (3. 6048) = P3,604. 80. The present value cost of the purchase option is the present value of principal payments or P3,604. 80 plus P453. 49 which equals P4,058. 29. III. Problems PROBLEM 1 (CAM FURNITURE COMPANY) a. Proposal 1: 10 year 12 percent bonds CAM FURNITURE COMPANY 19-3Chapter 19 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: Debt and Equity Income P30,000 Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2005 3* Estimated sales levels Sales†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P400,000 P600,000 P800,000 540,000 720,000 Operating costs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 360,000 Operating income †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 40,000 60,000 80,000 14,000 14,000 Interest charges †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14,000 Net income before taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26,000 46,000 66,000 23,000 33,000 Income taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3,000 P 23,000 P 33,000 Net income†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P 13,000 Outstanding shares = = 10,000 * EPS (P36 market value – price earnings ratio of 12) Earnings per share P1. 30 Price-earnings ratio 10 times Estimated market value P100,000 P13 33 – 1/3 Proposal 2: Ordinary share issue to yield P33-1/3 P2. 30 10 times P23 P3. 30 10 times P33 CAM FURNITURE COMPANY Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2005 Sales†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Operating costs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Operating income †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Interest charges †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Net income before taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Income taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Net income†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Outstanding shares = Estimated sales levels P400,000 P600,000 P800,000 540,000 720,000 360,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 38,000 58,000 78,000 29,000 39,000 19,000 P 29,000 P 39,000 P 19,000 + 10,000 = 13,000 shares Earnings per share Price-earnings ratio Estimated market value P1. 46 12 times P17. 52 19-4 P2. 23 12 times P26. 76 P3. 00 12 times P36. 00Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: Debt and Equity Chapter 19 b. Within the c onstraints of this problem, two possible objectives emerge: profit maximization as measured by earnings per share and wealth maximization as measured by the price of the ordinary shares. If profit maximization is used, the firm should choose to finance the new product by selling bonds, since earnings per share is higher for each of the three levels of sales. On the other hand, wealth maximization would require the sale of new ordinary shares because share price is higher at each sales level.Wealth maximization is the preferred criterion for financial decision making. Unlike profit maximization, it represents a measure of the total benefits stream to be enjoyed by the shareholders, adjusted for both the timing of benefits and the risk associated with the receipt thereof. A criterion that ignores these two important determinants of value cannot be expected to provide a proper guide to decision making. Because wealth maximization is the preferred objective, the sale of ordinary shares is the recommended financing technique. c.Proposal 2 would still be the choice, because the market value remains above that of Proposal 1. The difference is getting smaller, however, which means that Proposal 1 would become attractive if sales reached a higher level (approximately P1. 6 million). d. The investment banker would suggest that lower price-earnings ratio with debt financing is a reflection of the greater returns demanded by shareholders in compensation for the variability in earnings and higher risk of bankruptcy created by the fixed commitment to pay debt interest and principal.PROBLEM 2 (FAYE INDUSTRIES, INC. ) Faye Industries Inc. Pro Forma Consolidated Income Statement Including Earnings per Common Share and Return on Average Common Shareholders’ Equity For the Year Ending November 30, 2006 (P000 omitted except per share amounts) (1) Issuing (2) Selling Long-term Preference (3) Selling Ordinary 19-5 Chapter 19 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: D ebt and Equity Bonds P12,978 1,273 1,530 2,083 10,175 4,070 6,105 Shares P12,978 1,273 1,273 11,705 4,682 7,023 1,658 5,365 55,028 P60,393 Shares P12,978 1,273 1,273 11,705 4,682 7,023Earnings before interest and taxes Interest on Current debt (P13,395 x 9. 5%) Alternative 1 (P15,300 x 10%) Total interest Income before income tax Income taxes (40%) Net income Preference share dividends (P15,300,000 P120) x 13% Earnings available to common shareholders Add: Common shareholders’ equity December 1, 1999 Equity financing Common shareholders’ equity November 30, 2000 Average common shares outstanding (in thousands) December 1, 1999 balance Additional issued December 1 Total (and average) shares outstanding Pro forma earnings per share (P6,105 P0) 26,330 (P7,023 P1,658) 26,330 (P7. 23 P0) 33,980 6,105 55,028 P61,133 7,023 55,028 15,300 P77,351 26,330 26,330 26,330 26,330 26,330 7,650 33,980 = = = P0. 2319 P0. 2038 P0. 2067 Estimated return on average common shareholders†™ equity P6,105 [(P55,028 P61,133) 2] = P5,365 [(P55,028 P60,393) 2] = P7,023 [(P70,328 P77,351) 2] = 10. 51% 9. 30% 9. 511% 19-6

Green marketing Essay

With the rise of growing consciousness for environmental protection, people are now becoming more less-sensitive with price premiums as long as they earn the benefits of these eco-products. This environmental concern revolution has begun to also uncover the various factors that enable consumers to purchase these specially-packaged products. This stage was able to assess the following: (a) price sensitivity issues, (b) package convenience, (c) environmentally-concerned, and symbolic environmentally-concerned aspects of the individual which are depicted in the results made by the Mintell Poll in Great Britain. From the study of the poll, a considerable number of people are concerned on putting value in the process of packaging of these bio products. See the following for the results The rise of green marketing Peattie (2005:357) It was only during the 1980’s when people start to speak about green marketing. Almost suddenly, consumption of the greenest products and health consciousness came to be the talk of the town. Like any new phenomena, it was soon the topic of the marketing research of most firms. With this awareness of the green market, companies have reverted to environmentally-friendly modes of production and operations. However, there also came to a point when this green marketing was only about selling, and that the green aspect was all a disguise. Legislations and other policies rose to halt this growing and gnawing concern. Redefinition of green marketing A number of marketing processes have been enumerated to reshape the approach of this market, as follows:   a redefinition of the product which encompasses the means of production and distribution. A willingness to change markets as well as changing products as a sustainable economy will require more than new product developments   an emphasis on benefits from product use to show the joys of product ownership   marketing communication that aims to inform rather than impress a focus beyond current customer needs   a willingness to manage demands and expectations   an emphasis on costs rather than price   taking more responsibility on consumer and societal welfare Most firms have long been focused on selling and just making profits, whereas the customer has always been into the marginal interests. Since the birth of green marketing, consumers have favored this product, and thus the producers or the firm has to follow this lead. This would work in a world of entirely marketing oriented firms, but neglects mostly the internal environment. Changes in Medicine / Bio-cosmetics Akoh (2004:513) We have clearly presented our views and thorough research in the previous sections and will now give light to the other side of bio-cosmetics – the various changes in medicine that may help or hamper the lives of the individuals using these products. Innovation in medical treatments in terms of technological-use or through the minimally invasive techniques (MIT) prompted the way for advancements to significantly reduce pain, recovery time, and even hospital stays with marked improvements in cosmetic outcome and overall cost effectiveness. Bio-cosmetics for one, has enabled practicing surgeons to aid their treatments with the latest surgical cares that will serve as a catalyst to one’s full recovery. Yaron Munz (2004:223) MITs were used in a wide range of procedures long before they were applied to surgery, but only then did they become exposed to the general public. Through the close collaborations of innovative surgeons and technologists, MIT was rapidly advanced in the society. Conrad (2005:3-14) Since 1980’s profound changes happened in the field of medicine that have created a huge impact in health conditions. Patients started to become more knowledgeable and involved in the medical information on various treatments even in choosing their health insurance policies and in seeking out medical services. The biotechnology industry in particular has their ups and downs but it definitely gave birth to a promising future that may indeed revolutionize healthcare. Such products of these dynamic changes are the bio-products, such as bio-cosmetics. Bio-cosmetics Ethics Todd (2004:86) In line with the field of an innovative scene in biotechnology, environmental ethics and eco-marketers come together to reinstate the status of these bio-products to garner consumer appeal and make them realize the importance of being socially-involved and responsible. So the question arises, in an era where eco-friendly is hip, how do we infuse ethics and product aesthetics? Ethics simply realizes and acknowledges the fact that these bio products, specifically bio-cosmetics targets the image of beauty related to health and not marked by politics. However, not everyone seems to be pleased with all these biotechnological advancements as these groups believe that these cosmetics, drugs or other bio-products have the potential of threatening the â€Å"soul† or â€Å"dignity† of the person given the extent of effect it impacts the one who intakes. Although these are not sufficiently backed-up by scientific evidences, still the concern or the argument is present. Judgments regarding these agents or products still rely heavily on the ethical principles of both the buyers and the sellers. Holtug (1999:4) In ethics, it is also important to note that in the process of considering the usage of these bio-products for medicinal purposes, we should also draw the line between enhancing or treating. What is indeed the distinction between the two that justifies the use of these products or agents? Treatment can be referred to as an intervention that aims to cure a disease or an ailment. Enhancements on the other hand, do not attempt to cure a disease or reduce its effects. Therefore, the question on whether one should enhance or treat a person is touching on the ethical composition of the individual. With the pool of genes in a person, in the community and in the world, how can one identify which feature or trait should be eliminated or enhanced through medical interventions? How is it being determined? How are people with these inequalities being compensated for their state of difference? At the end of the day, how will it also affect the social attitudes of those undergoing medical treatments or enhancements?

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire At the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in Manhattan, somewhere around 4:30 p.m. on Saturday, March 25, 1911, a fire began on the eighth floor. What started the fire has never been determined, but theories include that a cigarette butt was thrown into one of the scrap bins or there was a spark from a machine or faulty electrical wiring. Most on the eighth floor of the factory building escaped, and a phone call to the tenth floor led to most of those workers evacuating. Some made it to the roof of the next door building, where they were later rescued. The workers on the ninth floor with only a single unlocked exit door did not receive notice, and only realized something was wrong when they saw the smoke and flames that had spread. By that time, the only accessible stairwell was filled with smoke. The elevators stopped working. The fire department arrived quickly but their ladders did not reach to the ninth floor to allow escape by those trapped. The hoses didnt reach adequately to put out the flames quickly enough to save those trapped on the ninth floor. Workers sought escape by hiding in dressing rooms or the bathroom, where they were overcome with smoke or flame and died there. Some tried to open the locked door, and died there of suffocation or the flames. Others went to the windows, and some 60 of them chose to jump from the ninth floor rather than die from the fire and smoke. The fire escape was not strong enough for the weight of those on it. It twisted and collapsed; 24 died falling from it, and it was not of use to any others trying to escape. Thousands of spectators gathered in the park and streets, watching the fire and then the horror of those jumping. The fire department had the flames under control by 5 p.m., but when firefighters entered the floors to continue to bring the smouldering fire under control, they found charred machines, intense heat and bodies. By 5:15, they had the fire completely under control and 146 had died or suffered injuries from which theyd die shortly. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire: Index of Articles Quick Overview of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire1911 - Conditions at the Triangle Shirtwaist FactoryThe 1909 Uprising of the Twenty Thousand  and the 1910 Cloakmakers Strike: background​After the Fire: identifying victims, news coverage, relief efforts, memorial and funeral march, investigations, trialFrances Perkins and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Related: Josephine GoldmarkILGWUWomen’s Trade Union League (WTUL)

Big Fish

The father would tell a story to his son about his life. However, his son thinks his father is full of lies. It brings the conflict between reality and fiction. In Southern Gothic, it doesn’t matter because it combined reality and fiction into one story. Although, it is hard to see the reality behind it because in the movie, the father make up a lot of stuff even though it is almost true. Imprisonment is found in The Big Fish, because the father is imprisoned in his room and in the hospital. Also, the villiage kept all of its people until Ed left the villiage. Those people could’ve been there for years because they love their home so much. The giant was in his cave because he was shunned and feared by the people until Ed befriended the giant. Imprisonment is found in Southern Gothic, and is in found in the story as well. Supernatural is everywhere in The Big Fish, because there was a woman who turned into a fish during the movie. The twins were conjurned but at the end they were serparated. Also, the giant was a huge person who was isolated for a long time. The circus was filled with strange people. Even the headmaster is a wolf at night, and The Eye shows a person’s future death. Also, the way the son was born was very There was a lot of supernatural involved with the movie. Freakiness is all around in the movie, because the villiagepeople had no shoes nor socks on. They walked around barefoot. Even the father was telling a story with his wild imaginations. He even made his death the way he saw in The Eye. He accepted his death from the beginning he saw his death. The father never once freaked out but rather looking foward to the day he dies. Everyone was there at his funeral. By everyone he knows in his life showed up for his funeral. Big Fish The father would tell a story to his son about his life. However, his son thinks his father is full of lies. It brings the conflict between reality and fiction. In Southern Gothic, it doesn’t matter because it combined reality and fiction into one story. Although, it is hard to see the reality behind it because in the movie, the father make up a lot of stuff even though it is almost true. Imprisonment is found in The Big Fish, because the father is imprisoned in his room and in the hospital. Also, the villiage kept all of its people until Ed left the villiage. Those people could’ve been there for years because they love their home so much. The giant was in his cave because he was shunned and feared by the people until Ed befriended the giant. Imprisonment is found in Southern Gothic, and is in found in the story as well. Supernatural is everywhere in The Big Fish, because there was a woman who turned into a fish during the movie. The twins were conjurned but at the end they were serparated. Also, the giant was a huge person who was isolated for a long time. The circus was filled with strange people. Even the headmaster is a wolf at night, and The Eye shows a person’s future death. Also, the way the son was born was very There was a lot of supernatural involved with the movie. Freakiness is all around in the movie, because the villiagepeople had no shoes nor socks on. They walked around barefoot. Even the father was telling a story with his wild imaginations. He even made his death the way he saw in The Eye. He accepted his death from the beginning he saw his death. The father never once freaked out but rather looking foward to the day he dies. Everyone was there at his funeral. By everyone he knows in his life showed up for his funeral.

Training and Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Training and Development - Research Paper Example For example, if a sales agent values success in the form of promotion and commission on sales as the most important objectives and also considers that a particular sales training program will help him achieve this objective, his expectancy for the training program will be increased and the outcome valence will also be valued. Hence, the agent will perform through an extra effort in the training session and will therefore succeed in it. For the company, the case of this sales agent will be very beneficial as the improved performance of the sales agent will also boost up the sales figures of the company. The benefits that the company can gain from applying this theory are humongous as the company will not only succeed in the short run with the performance boost of the employee but will also keep on reaping benefits from his performance until he leaves the company (National Research Council, 1998). Thus, it is quite evident that there are phenomenal benefits for the company, as well as the employees, if Expectancy theory is applied to the job roles and trainings for the employees. In order to implement the theory practically, the human resources department of the company has to come up with certain measures that would ensure a systematic procedure for carrying out the process required. The human resources department of the company should first clearly identify the ultimate goals that the company wants to achieve in the long run. After clearly identifying the long term objectives of the company and of the relevant department, the concerned authorities will have to identify the goal performances that are needed from the employees to ensure their success. The department has to be specific about the performance requirements and the feasible activities because with the already burdensome job criteria’s, the employees are usually reluctant to take part in the new initiatives. To ensure the optimal motivational levels of the employees, the human resource people sh ould sort all the possible training and performance tasks and come up with a few selected performance measures. Once the required tasks are selected, then the concerned people will have to launch an extensive awareness campaign for the employees (Human Performance Journal, 2002). The awareness campaign should appeal to the employees and show them how much, opting for the desired initiatives will benefit their individual positions. While, promoting the benefits the members should keep in mind how much the employee values certain things. They need to consider whether the certain employee aspires, position, pay raise, allowances, benefits and perks, involvement in projects, or success in initiatives. And depending on their preference, the concerned persons shall have to approach them and change their attitudes towards the initiative. Then the department has to set up platforms through which they can communicate the same objectives to the employees. These mentioned steps will help the e mployees in correlating their efforts to the benefits, and help them analyse the opportunity an optimistic manner. This initiative of the department will motivate the employees in opting for the initiative and benefiting themselves as well as the company in the long run (Noe, 1999). However, the scenario of implementation requires certain key measures

Documentary Credit Transaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Documentary Credit Transaction - Essay Example The economic activities have accelerated in the current century, the economic opportunities have been explored, and wealth proportion has expanded instead of getting more concentrated. The trade partners therefore adopted a policy of variance, aimed at adaptability towards economic progression. The economic expansion and rapid circulation of wealth intensified the activities of the banking sector, and for the procurement of its share, the trade partners broadened the horizon of its banking facilities. The requirements and the expectations of the consumers revolutionized, and for this purpose the banking sector was compelled to adopt and introduce set of revised and modified scheme which primarily focused on lending services, the deposition activities although gained a massive momentum, but the contribution in this regard was mainly from the wealthy people, the lending services were sought by the industries, corporate world and the major portion of society. Initially the banking insti tute was reluctant to adopt the concept of accountability and transparency, but once the population of the consumers rose, and the banking institute developed linkages with different clients, the bank was forced to ensure that accountability and transparency is practiced in all its form. The economic expansion did not only broaden the horizon for the trade partners, rather the other banking institutes also strengthen and received an equal opportunity for procurement of contracts and opportunities. The trade partners therefore had to intensify the implementation of the plan in the wake of economic expansion, and rising competition. The trade partners developed an strategy, previously when the economic activities were sluggish, the bank focused on the areas where the community sought financial assistance and safeguard for the deposition of their money and other valuables, lately when the technological revolution improved the qualitative and the quantitative standards of living, the ba nk adopted an entirely different strategy to overcome the needs of the customers, not by offering to them what they require, but by offering to the customers all which they should inherit in this period of technological development, so that the improved quality standards can be availed by the customers. The bank focused from routine operation to an arena of innovation, where the need was never felt but generated to apprise the customers about the qualitative enhancement of life, through different financial schemes (Robert, 2007). Documentary Credit Transaction: Significance The globalization has expanded the network of credit transactions. There were days when the credit transactions were confined within geographical terrains, but the global trade has conceived the concept of international banking. The exchange of economic and trade relations have essentially required the development of the units which shall support and protect the credit transactions. The concept of international banking system evolved with special provisions which secured the

Organisation Design and Organisation Development Essay

Organisation Design and Organisation Development - Essay Example Therefore, organizational development is one of the most important practices that any organization needs to follow. But, it is very for the management to understand what OD is not because it is not practice of training and development, human resource development, group or team building. It is an organizational perspective but not any individual perspective. Therefore, the main objective of organizational development policies has developed the organization as whole but not to develop an individual staff or to develop a specific division or team within the organization.   It can be stated as a continuous process and not as an acute event. An effectively designed organization contributes in keeping the work environment healthy and job can be done within a structured framework. Organizational development helps an organization to have improved performance on a sustainable basis. The OD practitioners should have strong democratic and humanistic approach to any change in the organization. A collaborative work environment and work culture is the key drive for OD intervention in an organization. Organizational development process involves a number of major interventions that include strategic diagnostic, evaluation of current and proposed strategies, critical thinking, change management, cultural changes, performance management, talent management, learning and development, customer service and sales effectiveness. Finally, organizational development practice believes that each and every areas of an organization is essential to build an advanced system that has strong impact on all internal and external environments where the organization functions.

How Motherhood Impacts On Womens Career Choices Social Work Essay

How Motherhood Impacts On Womens Career Choices Social Work Essay In most contemporary industrialised nations, womens participation rates have been rising. Since the 1980s, womens employment has become more continuous, even among mothers with children. (Lewis, 2009:27) However, despite of the optimistic rising employment rate among women, the career break due to motherhood still has a major impact on womens careers. Some women opt for part-time jobs after giving birth to child/children while some might exit the labour till their children reach school ages. This essay aims to examine the impact of motherhood on womens career in terms of womens work and care decision and type of works mothers do under different contingencies. As Windebank (2001:269) points out that there are great variations in mothers employment participation rates and career patterns across countries, this essay mainly focuses on mothers career choices and patterns in two countries, namely Sweden (a generous welfare country which striving for womens equality) and the United Kingdom . The first part of the essay briefly talks about the general impacts of motherhood on womens career followed by the descriptions of womens career choices (e.g. work or care decision) and career patterns (e.g. full-time VS. part-time, types of work mothers do) in the two countries mentioned. In the final part, the possible explanations to the patterns found in both countries will be addressed, such as the economic incentive, social norms, institutional context, and womens education level. And the essay will be concluded by summarizing the impacts of motherhood on womens career and discussing its implications for policy makers. Motherhoods Impact on Womens Career The evidence (Vlasblom and Schippers, 2006:335) shows that motherhood could have impacts on womens participation rate both before and after the childbirth. In their article, the female participation rates in all three countries, namely the Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom, have declined since 12 months before the childbirth and never return to the original level 24 months after the childbirth. Hewlett (2005) also states that 37% of women take some kind of break from work to achieve appropriate work-life balance. Although 93% of those women who taken a break after give a birth to children want to re-enter the job market, only 74% are successful, among these only 40% return to full time work. The statistics suggests that motherhood does affect womens career to a different degrees and it could last over a long period of time. In general, motherhood itself presents four choices for women. First, women could remain in their full-time jobs after giving birth to their child/children. Second, they could choose a more flexible job or a part-time work to achieve work life balance after becoming a mother. Third, women could choose to exit the labour force permanently for their families. Forth, women could leave the labour market temporarily and return to work after a while (e.g. when their child/children reach school age) (Vlasblom and Schippers, 2006:330). However, women who take the last option might find difficult to return to the labour market. As Joshi et al (1996) point out that losing of tie with the labour market due to the complete exit could depreciate womens human capital and make future entrance difficult. Therefore, the longer a mother is out of the labour force, the harder it is for her to return to work. Mothers Career Choices and Patterns in Sweden Being one of the most generous welfare states, Sweden is often regarded as a role model in terms of striving for equal women rights. In fact, most Swedish women work fulltime prior to give birth and the majority of women do return to paid work (either long part-time or full-time) after the maternity leave. According to the Statistics Sweden (a leading Swedish official statistics website), there are more than 80 percent of Swedish mothers in the labour market by the year of 1999. The high return rate is probably attributed to its long paid parental leave. According to the Swedish Law, all parents (employed prior to give birth) are entitled to 12 months leave with approximately 3,600 Pounds income replacement (up to 80% of their income before childbirth) plus 90 days of Guaranteed days with 6 pounds per day. Besides, parents rights to return to labour market are guaranteed by Swedish labour regulations. (Bjornberg, 2002:34) These policies not only help women to reconcile the work and c are balance during the most difficult period (with small child under 1 year old), but also encourage women to take part in workforce after maternity work by ensuring them better chances of being employed. As a result, child under 1 year is usually taken care at home by their parents (mainly mothers). And among children aged 1-6 years, institutional care instead of home care is commonly chosen by Swedish parents as that most mothers could return to their jobs afterwards. The statistics (Statistics Sweden, 2008) shows that 86% of children aged 1-6 years are in municipal day care in the year 2007. Based on the observations, Bjornberg (2002:39) suggests that the traditional male breadwinner model with mothers as housewives is not supported in Sweden rather a dual-earner model is more common and acceptable in Sweden. The high return rate does not occur among mothers with one child but among mothers with more than one child as well. As the Swedish policy states that the parent is able to enjoy the same insured income level if the next child-birth is within 30 months of the previous child. Thus, it makes possible for mothers with more than one child to return to labour market after maternity leave without worrying about the costs and losing their working rights. It is interesting to note that many returned mothers in Sweden choose to start work as part-timers. Traditionally, part-time work often associated with characteristics such as low pay, no benefits and low status, however, part-time work in Sweden has a different meaning. The long working hours (e.g. 30 hours per week) gives part-time a non-marginalized feature in Sweden. And part-time working mothers are generally treated similarly to their full-time colleagues and able to have more autonomy in their time (Sundstrom and Duvander, 2000). Fagan and Lallement (2000:45) indicate that part-time workers have integrated into Swedish labour market and received equal treatment in labour law and wage structures. Mothers Career Choices and Patterns in the United Kingdom Pursuing to be a liberal welfare state, the U.K. government has also come up with explicit policies to reconcile paid work and family life in terms of childcare services, childcare leave and flexible working hours since 1997. (Lewis and Campbell, 2007:4) Evidence shows that the newly introduced family-friendly initiatives do have certain effects in changing the British labour market situations. The mother participation rate in the market has increased from 24% in 1979 to 67% in 1999 (Dench et al., 2002) although among returned mothers, many engage in part-time rather than full-time jobs. Statistics (Social Trends, 2005) shows that 40% of women aged sixteen to fifty-nine with children are in a part-time job. However, the part-time work has a different definition in UK compare to that of Sweden in terms of the working hours. Part-time mothers only work about 16 hours per week in U.K. (Bishop, 2004) which is much shorter than 30+ hours in Sweden. In the aspect of public childcare system , it is not as popular as that of Sweden due to the poor qualification of childcare staff in UK and a lack of funding. (Lewis and Campbell, 2007) In general, instead of the traditional male breadwinner model or Swedish dual-earner model, Britain parents are taking a one-and-a-half earner model, which fathers work long hours (48+ hours per week) while mothers work short hours (about 16 hours). (Christine and Tang, 2004) Therefore, atypical job (e.g. part-time work) and shift parenting are common in UK. (Lavalle et al., 2002) Explanations to the Patterns Found Based on the findings of both Sweden and UK, it is clear that motherhood affects womens career not only in the form of career breaks during childbirth but also in terms of the after-effects on balancing work and childcare. There are several similarities found among working mothers in both countries, for instance, both countries have a relatively high mother return rate. However, part-time mothers in Sweden are seemingly to enjoy a better benefit coverage, status and pay compared to mothers in U.K. In the following part of the essay, the reasons account for the different patterns observed will be discussed and whether the high return rate reflects womens true preference between work and family will be explored. According to Hakim (2000), the difference in work and care decision made by mothers is determined by each womans preference. However, many researchers criticize Hakims statement by showing other factors which restricting womens decisions, such as the income level of the household, institutional context, social norm and womens education level. Household Income Level Household income level directly limits mothers decision on work and care. According to Vlasblom and Schippers (2006), mothers are more likely to go back to labour market if the benefit for participation is larger than its opportunity costs. For instance, most mothers in Sweden choose to work as womens income in a household is as important as their partners in order to maintain a high living standard as close as possible to those of households without children.( Bjornberg, 2002:36) In the case of U.K., the decrease in family subsidy in tax system during the 1990s has made childcare more costly, (Sainsbury, 1999) as a result, many British mothers chose to return to workforce during that time. However, unlike Sweden, high quality and affordable public childcare is not widely spread in U.K. According to Taylors survey (2003), there are only 8 % of organizations offering financial assistance with childcare costs and 3% organizations providing childcare for their employees. Thus, the lack of childcare service and the high costs associated with childcare outsourcing for working parents has explained the increasing number of part-time working mothers and the shifting childcare arrangement between parents in U.K. Social Norms Under the traditional male breadwinner model, mothers are expected to become housewives while fathers will be the only income source for the household. However, as time passes by, the social norm has been changed and working mothers are more acceptable in both countries (Vlasblom and Schippers, 2006). And in Sweden, women to have a gainful employment before childbirth is essential as the replacement income during 12 months maternity leave is determined by womens salary level prior to giving birth. Those mothers who were housewives do not receive any income benefit during the first year of child care (Bjornberg, 2002). Such policies, to a certain extent, have reinforced the womens importance in the job market and increased the acceptance of womens role as workers in general. However, in both countries, the increasing in women participation rate and social acceptance of working mothers does not match the changes in their male spouses behaviours. Gershuny (2000) points out that mens participation in unpaid work is much lower than womens participation rate in paid work. According to Elvin-Nowak and Thomsson (2001:432), fathers work schedule is considered as fixed and unalterable and mothers concern about childrens well-being more than fathers do, as a result, the negotiations come to rest between the woman and her conscience rather than between the mother and the father. Uneven distribution of domestic chores, especially childcare is still prevalent nowadays. In U.K., the long working hours of men has left the childcare to mothers mainly. Without the help from their spouses, it is more difficult for mothers to combine the work and childcare and thus, full-time work is often not an available option for many British mothers. The situation in Sweden is relativ ely better than that in U.K. due to the introduction of compulsory Daddy Month policy. However, Even in country like Sweden, fathers only spend just half the time in taking care of children as their partners do (Gornick and Meyers, 2008:318). Institutional Context Institutional context is one of the most critical factor in shaping womens work and care decision. Often, the change in mothers behaviour is as a result of change in institutional policies, such as the reduced in family subsidy mentioned above. Both British government and Swedish government are aiming to promote waged labour through its policies, like extension of maternity leave, childcare provision or flexible working-hour practices, in order to attract mothers into workforce and to increase the labour supply and tax base (OECD, 2005). However, these two countries have varied degree of success in obtaining the goal. The difference in institutional policies explains why the part-time mothers in Sweden could focus on their work better than those of U.K. First of all, the public childcare is well-developed and widely used in Sweden, therefore, most Swedish women are able to work long hour part-time or full-time job without worrying lack of proper care for their children. Besides, the introduction of Daddy Month in Sweden has increased the fathers participation in childcare task and thus, reduces the burden from mothers. According to the statistics, 77% of father in Sweden took up the whole month leave in 1995. However, the formal childcare is either too expensive or poorly organized in U.K. which forces most British mothers to care children privately and restricts their career development. Besides, the long working hours for British fathers makes sharing private childcare more difficult and often mothers have to change their working hours in order to suit their partners more rigid schedules for childcare. Thus, mothers career in U.K. is more likely to be disturbed than their counterpart in Sweden. Womens Educational Level Besides the differences in external factors, such as the policies, income and social norms, the educational level among women also affect the degree of motherhoods impacts on their careers. The educational level here not only refers to the initial education (Portela, 2001), but also the working experiences and personal capabilities a woman possesses. Elvin-Nowak and Thomsson (2001:407) suggests that mothers with different social background have different motherhood experiences and interpreted the meaning of the motherhood differently. In general, low-skilled female workers are more likely to exit the labour force for their children than those high-skilled workers (Cantillon at al., 2001). And Hofferth et al.s (1996) study is consistent with Cantillons findings, showing that high-skilled women tend to use formal childcare while low-skilled women tend to provide childcare themselves. As a result, high-skilled women are more likely to commit themselves into their work without worrying about the childcare. At the same time, with the high earnings gained from work, they are able to afford the formal childcare while for the low-skilled women who cannot afford the formal childcare with the low earnings, staying at home to look after their children becomes the only option for them. In UK, 75 percent of highly educated women with children aged under 5 years old are actively participate in paid work while only 24 percent of women without qualifications are in workforce. (EOR, 2001) Similar results are found among Swedish wo men too. Besides, Sundstrom and Duvander (2000) found that parents with higher educational level are more likely to share the domestic tasks including childcare than couples with lower educational level. Therefore, it confirms the view that women whose level of education is high is more likely to take part in work. Conclusion This essay has examined the motherhood impact on womens career choice and patterns in Sweden and the U.K. The findings show that both countries have an increasing mother participation rate. But despite of the optimistic rising working mother numbers in both countries, working mothers careers are still affected by the motherhood. Not only that full-time work option is no longer available for many mothers due to the burden of childcare, part-time working mothers are generally more difficult to concentrate on their jobs, especially in the U.K where formal provision of formal childcare system is not well-developed. Besides, possible factors, such as household income level, social norms, institutional policies and womens educational level, which restrict mothers work and care decision, are explored in the essay. However, there are many other factors which could shape the motherhoods impact on womens career, for instance, the number of children. Women with smaller family size have less car eer breaks and spend less time on childcare, thus they have better opportunity to channel their energy into paid work (Gill et al., 2000). Besides, the rising divorce rate and high teenage pregnancy rate result an increase in singe-mother families. Motherhoods impact on single mother family could be different from normal families. After analyzing the possible factors which affect working mothers careers, how their accessibility to the labour market and status could be increased is the key challenge that should be addressed. Based on Sweden and the U.K. cases, it is clear that institutional policies could a powerful tool for creating a better environment for working mothers. For instance, the Daddy Month introduced by Swedish government has been successful in tackling the unequal division of work among men and women and this policy could be learnt by other countries too. In sum, in order to increase working mothers full-time participation rate and achieve better work-life balance in the society, governments should invest more on the institutional policies. In another word, following the concept of diversity/mainstreaming, government should change the focus from trying to fit working mothers into the society to changing the society/organization/culture to embrace differences by making working mothers issue centr al to every aspect of the policy. Word: 2930